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Subject: Learn how: To manage projects...like a Pro

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Cannot view this newsletter mailing because of images being off? <a href="http://www.snavo.me.uk/l/lt1VULIL3731QW103BO/107AV431CGWNJ5757QGVTBS10BTV24003511ENMGM1208576404"> Please go right here to fix.</a>



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<p align="left">effects of similar improvements in similar private undertakings at home and abroad. In such concerns it is still possible to ascertain the advantages 
of reorganization because they<U>are surrounded by a society which is still based upon private ownership in the means of production and</U>the use of 
hi. it is still possible for them to keep books and make calculations which for similar concerns in a purely socialist environment would be </p>
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<p align="center" style="font: 15px;">entirely out of the question. Without<u>calculation, economic activity is impossible. Since under Socialism</u>economic calculation is impossible, under Socialism there can be no 
economic activity in our sense of the word. In small and insignificant things rational action might still persist. But, for the most part, it 
would no longer be possible to speak of rational production. In the absence of criteria of rationality, production could not be consciously economical. </p>
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<p align="center" style="font: 15px;">[78] For some time possibly the accumulated tradition of thousands of years of economic hidom would preserve the art of economic administration from 
complete disintegration. Men would preserve the old processes, not because they were rational, but because they were sanctified by tradition. In the 
meantime, however, changing conditions would make them irrational.<u>They would become uneconomical as the result of changes brought about by</u>the 
general decline of economic thought. It is true that production would no longer be “anarchical.” The command of a supreme authority would govern the 
hi of supply. instead of the economy of “anarchical” production the senseless order of an irrational machine would be supreme. The wheels would </p>
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<p align="right" style="font: 9px;">go round, but to no effect. Let us try to imagine the position of a socialist community. There will be hundreds and thousands of establishments in which work is going on. A 
minority of these will produce goods ready for use. The majority will produce capital goods and semi-manufactures. All these establishments will 
be closely connected. each commodity produced will phi through a whole series of such establishments before it is ready for consumption. Yet in 
the incessant press of all these processes the economic administration will have no real sense of direction. It will have no means of ascertaining 
whether a given piece of work is really necessary, whether<b>labour and material</b>are not being wasted in completing it. How would it discover which 
of two processes was the more satisfactory? At best, it could compare the quantity of ultimate products. But only rarely could it compare the 
expenditure incurred in their production. It would know exactly—or it would imagine it knew—what it wanted to produce. It ought therefore to set about 
obtaining the desired results with the smallest possible<I>expenditure. But to do this it would have to be able to make calculations.</I>And such 
calculations<i>must be calculations of value. They could not be merely “technical,” they could not be calculations of</i>the objective use-value of </p>
<BR /><BR />
<p align="center" style="font: 16px;">goods and services; this is so obvious that it needs no further demonstration. Under a system based upon private ownership in the means of production, the 
scale of values is the outcome of the actions of every independent member of society. Everyone plays a two-fold part in its establishment first as a 
consumer, secondly<b>as producer. As consumer, he establishes the valuation of goods ready for</b>consumption. As producer, he guides production-goods 
into those uses in which they yield the highest product. In this way all goods of higher orders also are graded in the way appropriate to them under .</p>







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