File: ddd.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Summary,  Up: (dir)

Debugging with DDD
******************

DDD is a graphical front-end for GDB and other command-line debuggers.

   This is the First Edition of `Debugging with DDD', 15 July, 2006,
for DDD Version 3.3.12-rc1.

   The first part of this master menu lists the major nodes in this Info
document, including the label and command indices.  The rest of the menu
lists all the lower level nodes in the document.

* Menu:

* Summary::                     Summary of DDD.

* Sample Session::              A sample DDD session.
* Invocation::                  Getting in and out of DDD.
* Windows::                     The DDD windows, menus, and buttons.
* Navigating::                  Moving through the source code.
* Stopping::                    Making your program stop at specific locations.
* Running::                     Running programs under DDD.
* Examining Data::              Examining variable values and data structures.
* Machine-Level Debugging::     Examining machine code and registers.
* Changing the Program::        Changing source and object code.
* Commands::                    Entering and editing DDD commands.

* Application Defaults::        Resources used in DDD.
* Bugs::                        How, when, and why to report DDD bugs.
* Configuration Notes::         Configuration-specific notes.
* Dirty Tricks::                Room for your contributions.
* Extending::                   Extending DDD.
* FAQ::                         Frequently Answered Questions.
* License::                     The DDD license.
* Help and Assistance::         Mailing Lists and other resources.
* Documentation License::       The license of this document.

* Label Index::                 All labels shown on the DDD GUI.
* Key Index::                   Keys used to control DDD.
* Command Index::               Commands that can be typed within DDD.
* Resource Index::              All resources and environment variables.
* File Index::                  All programs and files referenced by DDD.
* Concept Index::               All concepts as mentioned in this manual.



 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Summary of DDD

* About this Manual::           Getting copies in various formats.
* Free Software::               How to copy and redistribute DDD.
* Getting DDD::              How to obtain copies of DDD.
* Contributors::                Who has done all this?
* History::                     Old DDD versions.

A Sample DDD Session

* Sample Program::              Source `sample.c'

Getting In and Out of DDD

* Invoking::                    How to invoke DDD.
* Quitting::                    How to quit DDD.
* Sessions::                    Saving work across invocations.
* Remote Debugging::            Running DDD on a different host.
* Customizing Debugger Interaction::  How DDD and GDB communicate.

Invoking DDD

* Choosing an Inferior Debugger::  Which debugger to use?
* Options::                     How to invoke DDD
* X Options::                   Setting X properties
* Inferior Debugger Options::   Customizing GDB, DBX, and so on
* Multiple Instances::          Running multiple DDD instances
* X Warnings::                  Turning off obnoxious warnings

Inferior Debugger Options

* GDB Options::
* DBX and Ladebug Options::
* XDB Options::
* JDB Options::
* PYDB Options::
* Perl Options::
* Bash Options::
* GNU Make Options::

Persistent Sessions

* Saving Sessions::
* Resuming Sessions::
* Deleting Sessions::
* Customizing Sessions::

Remote Debugging

* Remote Host::                 Running DDD on a Remote Host
* Remote Debugger::             Using a Remote Inferior Debugger
* Remote Program::              Debugging a Remote Program

Using DDD with a Remote Inferior Debugger

* Customizing Remote Debugging::

Customizing Interaction with the Inferior Debugger

* Debugger Invocation::
* Debugger Initialization::
* Debugger Communication::

Initializing the Inferior Debugger

* GDB Initialization::
* DBX Initialization::
* XDB Initialization::
* JDB Initialization::
* PYDB Initialization::
* Perl Initialization::
* Bash Initialization::
* Finding a Place to Start::
* Opening the Selection::

The DDD Windows

* Menu Bar::                    All DDD pull-down menus.
* Tool Bar::                    The DDD icon buttons.
* Command Tool::                The floating command tool.
* Getting Help::                What does this thing mean?
* Undo and Redo::               Oops!
* Customizing::                 You can customize DDD

The Menu Bar

* File Menu::                   Selecting programs and processes.
* Edit Menu::                   Cut, copy, paste, and preferences.
* View Menu::                   All DDD windows.
* Program Menu::                Starting and stopping.
* Commands Menu::               All DDD commands.
* Status Menu::                 Examining the program status.
* Source Menu::                 Navigating around.
* Data Menu::                   Examining data.
* Maintenance Menu::            Maintaining DDD.
* Help Menu::                   Getting help.
* Customizing the Menu Bar::    Alternate key bindings, etc.

Customizing the Menu Bar

* Auto-Raise Menus::
* Customizing the Edit Menu::

The Tool Bar

* Customizing the Tool Bar::

The Command Tool

* Customizing the Command Tool::
* Customizing Tool Position::

Customizing the Command Tool

* Disabling the Command Tool::

Command Tool Position

* Customizing Tool Decoration::

Customizing DDD

* How Customizing Works::
* Customizing Help::
* Customizing Undo::
* Customizing Windows::
* Debugger Settings::

How Customizing DDD Works

* Resources::
* Changing Resources::
* Saving Options::

Customizing DDD Help

* Button tips::                 Turning off tips.
* Tip of the day::              Turning off the tip of the day.
* Help Helpers::                Helper programs invoked by Help.

Customizing the DDD Windows

* Splash Screen::               Turning off the splash screen.
* Window Layout::               Re-arranging windows.
* Customizing Fonts::           Using alternate fonts.
* Toggling Windows::            Turning off windows.
* Text Fields::                 Popdown histories.
* Icons::                       Iconifying DDD windows.
* Adding Buttons::              Create your own button set.
* More Customizations::

Navigating through the Code

* Compiling for Debugging::     Always use `-g' to compile.
* Opening Files::               How to open a program for debugging.
* Looking up Items::            Searching files and functions.
* Customizing Source::          Arranging the source window.

Opening Files

* Opening Programs::            How to open a program for debugging.
* Opening Core Dumps::          Analyze a previous crash.
* Opening Source Files::        Open a source file of the program.
* Filtering Files::             DDD only lists matching files.

Looking up Items

* Looking up Definitions::      Jump towards a specific item.
* Textual Search::              Search within the current source.
* Looking up Previous Locations::  Navigate back and forth.
* Source Path::                 Make DDD know where to search.

Customizing the Source Window

* Customizing Glyphs::
* Customizing Searching::
* Customizing Source Appearance::
* Customizing Source Scrolling::
* Customizing Source Lookup::
* Customizing File Filtering::

Stopping the Program

* Breakpoints::                 Stop at a certain point.
* Watchpoints::                 Stop at a certain condition.
* Interrupting::                Stop manually.
* Stopping X Programs::         Take care of grabbed pointers!

Breakpoints

* Setting Breakpoints::
* Deleting Breakpoints::
* Disabling Breakpoints::
* Temporary Breakpoints::
* Editing Breakpoint Properties::
* Breakpoint Conditions::
* Breakpoint Ignore Counts::
* Breakpoint Commands::
* Moving and Copying Breakpoints::
* Looking up Breakpoints::
* Editing all Breakpoints::
* Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints::

Watchpoints

* Setting Watchpoints::
* Editing Watchpoint Properties::
* Editing all Watchpoints::
* Deleting Watchpoints::

Stopping X Programs

* Customizing Grab Checking::

Running the Program

* Starting Program Execution::
* Using the Execution Window::
* Attaching to a Process::
* Program Stop::
* Resuming Execution::
* Continuing Somewhere Else::
* Stack::
* Undoing Program Execution::
* Threads::
* Signals::
* Killing the Program::

Starting Program Execution

* Arguments::                   Your program's arguments.
* Environment::                 Your program's environment.
* Working Directory::           Your program's directory.
* Input/Output::                Your program's I/O.

Using the Execution Window

* Customizing the Execution Window::

Attaching to a Running Process

* Customizing Attaching to Processes::

Examining the Stack

* Frames::                      Callers and callees.
* Backtraces::                  And you may ask yourself, `how did I get here?'
* Selecting a frame::           Moving up and down.

Examining Data

* Value Tips::                  Just move the pointer on a variable.
* Printing Values::             Printing a value in the debugger console.
* Displaying Values::           Displaying structures as graphs.
* Plotting Values::             Displaying values as plots.
* Examining Memory::            Low-level memory examination.

Displaying Complex Values in the Data Window

* Display Basics::              How to create, manipulate, and delete displays.
* Arrays::                      Special functions for arrays.
* Assignment::                  Setting variable values.
* Examining Structures::        Dereferencing pointers and other references.
* Customizing Displays::        Data Themes.
* Layouting the Graph::         Automatic layout.
* Printing the Graph::          Printing on paper.

Display Basics

* Creating Single Displays::
* Selecting Displays::
* Showing and Hiding Details::
* Rotating Displays::
* Displaying Local Variables::
* Displaying Program Status::
* Refreshing the Data Window::
* Placement::
* Clustering::
* Creating Multiple Displays::
* Editing all Displays::
* Deleting Displays::

Arrays

* Array Slices::                Displaying FROM..TO parts of an array
* Repeated Values::             How repeated values are handled.
* Arrays as Tables::            Displaying two-dimensional arrays.

Examining Structures

* Dependent Values::            Edges from values to values.
* Dereferencing Pointers::      Examining pointer-based data structures.
* Shared Structures::           Multiple pointers to one display.
* Display Shortcuts::           Customize your own menus.

Customizing Displays

* Using Data Themes::
* Applying Data Themes to Several Values::
* Editing Themes::
* Writing Data Themes::
* Display Resources::
* VSL Resources::

Layouting the Graph

* Moving Displays::
* Scrolling Data::
* Aligning Displays::
* Automatic Layout::
* Rotating the Graph::

Plotting Values

* Plotting Arrays::             Plotting 1-D and 2-D arrays.
* Plot Appearance::             Controlling the appearance.
* Scalars and Composites::      Plotting simple values.
* Plotting Histories::          Plotting the history of a variable.
* Printing Plots::              Printing on paper.
* Entering Plotting Commands::  Raw Gnuplot commands.
* Exporting Plot Data::         Processing data outside of DDD
* Animating Plots::             Visualizing dynamic behaviour.
* Customizing Plots::           All at your leisure.

Customizing Plots

* Gnuplot Invocation::
* Gnuplot Settings::

Machine-Level Debugging

* Machine Code::                Examining machine code.
* Machine Code Execution::      Stepping across instructions.
* Registers::                   Examining registers.
* Customizing Machine Code::    Settings.

Changing the Program

* Editing Source Code::         You can invoke a source editor from DDD.
* Recompiling::                 Invoking `make' from within DDD.
* Patching::                    Changing source and object code.

Editing Source Code

* Customizing Editing::
* In-Place Editing::

The Command-Line Interface

* Entering Commands::           Direct interaction with the inferior debugger.
* TTY mode::                    Controlling DDD from a terminal.
* Integrating DDD::          DDD and your programming environment.
* Defining Buttons::            Add your own DDD buttons.
* Defining Commands::           Add your own DDD commands.

Entering Commands

* Command Completion::          Using the <TAB> key.
* Command History::             Repeating previous commands.
* Typing in the Source Window::

Defining Buttons

* Customizing Buttons::         Adding your own command buttons.

Defining Commands

* GDB Simple Commands::
* GDB Argument Commands::
* Commands with Other Debuggers::

Application Defaults

* Actions::                     All actions used in translation tables.
* Images::                      All images used in resources,

Actions

* General Actions::
* Data Display Actions::
* Debugger Console Actions::
* Source Window Actions::

Bugs and How To Report Them

* Where to Send Bug Reports::   Our e-mail address.
* Is it a DDD Bug?::         DDD may not be at fault.
* How to Report Bugs::          Report all the facts.
* Bug Reports::                 Include all configuration information.
* Diagnostics::                 Maintaining DDD

Getting Diagnostics

* Logging::                     DDD logs all interactions.
* Debugging DDD::            Facilities to debug DDD.
* Customizing Diagnostics::     All diagnostics resources.

Logging

* Disabling Logging::

Configuration Notes

* GDB::                         Using DDD with GDB
* DBX::                         Using DDD with DBX
* Ladebug::                     Using DDD with Ladebug
* XDB::                         Using DDD with XDB
* JDB::                         Using DDD with JDB
* Perl::                        Using DDD with Perl
* Bash::                        Using DDD with Bash
* Make::                        Using DDD with GNU Make
* LessTif::                     Using DDD with LessTif

Using DDD with GDB

* WDB::                         Using DDD with WDB
* WindRiver GDB::               Using DDD with WindRiver GDB (Tornado)

File: ddd.info,  Node: Summary,  Next: Sample Session,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Summary of DDD
**************

The purpose of a debugger such as DDD is to allow you to see what is
going on "inside" another program while it executes--or what another
program was doing at the moment it crashed.

   DDD can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support
of these) to help you catch bugs in the act:

   * Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its
     behavior.

   * Make your program stop on specified conditions.

   * Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.

   * Change things in your program, so you can experiment with
     correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.

   Technically speaking, DDD is a front-end to a command-line debugger
(called "inferior debugger", because it lies at the layer beneath DDD).
DDD supports the following inferior debuggers:

   * To debug _executable binaries_, you can use DDD with "GDB", "DBX",
     "Ladebug", or "XDB".

        - "GDB", the GNU debugger, is the recommended inferior debugger
          for DDD.  GDB supports native executables binaries originally
          written in C, C++, Java, Modula-2, Modula-3, Pascal, Chill,
          Ada, and FORTRAN.  (*note Using GDB with Different Languages:
          (gdb)Languages, for information on language support in GDB.)

        - As an alternative to GDB, you can use DDD with the "DBX"
          debugger, as found on several UNIX systems.  Most DBX
          incarnations offer fewer features than GDB, and some of the
          more advanced DBX features may not be supported by DDD.
          However, using DBX may be useful if GDB does not understand
          or fully support the debugging information as generated by
          your compiler.

        - As an alternative to GDB and DBX, you can use DDD with
          "Ladebug", as found on Compaq and DEC systems.  Ladebug
          offers fewer features than GDB, and some of the more advanced
          Ladebug features may not be supported by DDD.  However, using
          Ladebug may be useful if GDB or DBX do not understand or
          fully support the debugging information as generated by your
          compiler.(1)

        - As another alternative to GDB, you can use DDD with the "XDB"
          debugger, as found on HP-UX systems.(2).

   * To debug _Java byte code programs_, you can use DDD with "JDB",
     the Java debugger, as of JDK 1.1 and later.  (DDD has been tested
     with JDK 1.1 and JDK 1.2.)

   *   * To debug _Bash programs_, you need a version Bash that supports
     extended debugging support; see `http://bashdb.sourceforge.net'.
     It important to make sure you get the right version of the
     debugger that matches your version of Bash. For bash version
     2.05b, you need a patched version of bash as well as the debugger
     for bash.

   * To debug _GNU Make Makefiles_, you need a version GNU Make that
     supports extended debugging support. To get this enhanced version
     see `http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/remake'.

   * To debug _Perl programs_, you can use DDD with the "Perl
     debugger," as of Perl 5.003 and later.

   * To debug _Python programs_, you need an extended version of the
     python debugger called "`pydb'". To get this, see
     `http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/pydb'.

   *Note Choosing an Inferior Debugger::, for choosing the appropriate
inferior debugger.  *Note Sample Session::, for getting a first
impression of DDD.

* Menu:

* About this Manual::           Getting copies in various formats.
* Typographic Conventions::     Typographic conventions.
* Free Software::               How to copy and redistribute DDD.
* Getting DDD::              How to obtain copies of DDD.
* Contributors::                Who has done all this?
* History::                     Old DDD versions.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Within DDD (and this manual), Ladebug is considered a DBX
variant.  Hence, everything said for DBX also applies to Ladebug,
unless stated otherwise.

   (2) XDB will no longer be maintained in future DDD releases.  Use a
recent GDB version instead.

File: ddd.info,  Node: About this Manual,  Next: Typographic Conventions,  Up: Summary

About this Manual
=================

This manual comes in several formats:

   * The _Info_ format is used for browsing on character devices; it
     comes without pictures.  You should have a local copy installed,
     which you can browse via Emacs, the stand-alone `info' program, or
     from DDD via `Help => DDD Reference'.

     The DDD source distribution `ddd-3.3.12-rc1.tar.gz' contains this
     manual as pre-formatted info files; you can also download them
     from
     the DDD WWW page (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/).

   * The _PostScript_ format is used for printing on paper; it comes
     with pictures as well.

     The DDD source distribution `ddd-3.3.12-rc1.tar.gz' contains this
     manual as pre-formatted PostScript file; you can also download it
     from
     the DDD WWW page (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/).

   * The _PDF_ format is used for printing on paper as well as for
     online browsing; it comes with pictures as well.

     The DDD source distribution `ddd-3.3.12-rc1.tar.gz' contains this
     manual as pre-formatted PDF file; you can also download it from
     the DDD WWW page (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/).

   * The _HTML_ format is used for browsing on bitmap devices; it
     includes several pictures.  You can view it using a HTML browser,
     typically from a local copy.

     A pre-formatted HTML version of this manual comes in a separate
     DDD package
     `ddd-3.3.12-rc1-html-manual.tar.gz'; you can browse and download
     it via
     the DDD WWW page (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/).

   The manual itself is written in TeXinfo format; its source code
`ddd.texi' is contained in the DDD source distribution
`ddd-3.3.12-rc1.tar.gz'.

   The picture sources come in a separate package
`ddd-3.3.12-rc1-pics.tar.gz'; you need this package only if you want to
re-create the PostScript, HTML, or PDF versions.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Typographic Conventions,  Next: Free Software,  Prev: About this Manual,  Up: Summary

Typographic conventions
=======================

<Ctrl+A>
     The name for a key on the keyboard (or multiple keys pressed
     simultaneously)

`run'
     A sequence of characters to be typed on the keyboard.

`~/.ddd/init'
     A file.

`Help'
     A graphical control element, such as a button or menu item.

`File => Open Program'
     A sequence of menu items, starting at the top-level menu bar.

`argc - 1'
     Program code or debugger command.

`-g'
     A command-line option.

`$'
     System prompt.

`(gdb) '
     Debugger prompt.

`_'
     Cursor position.

VERSION
     A metasyntactic variable; something that stands for another piece
     of text.

"definition"
     A definition.

_caution_
     Emphasis.

*A warning*
     Strong emphasis.

DDD
     An acronym.

   Here's an example.  `break LOCATION' is a typed command at the
``(gdb) '' prompt; the metasyntactic variable `LOCATION' would be
replaced by the actual location.  ``_'' is the cursor position after
entering the command.

     (gdb) break LOCATION
     Breakpoint NUMBER at LOCATION
     (gdb) _

File: ddd.info,  Node: Free Software,  Next: Getting DDD,  Prev: Typographic Conventions,  Up: Summary

Free software
=============

DDD is "free"; this means that everyone is free to use it and free to
redistribute it on a free basis.  DDD is not in the public domain; it
is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but
these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good
cooperating citizen would want to do.  What is not allowed is to try to
prevent others from further sharing any version of DDD that they might
get from you.  The precise conditions are found in the GNU General
Public License that comes with DDD; *Note License::, for details.

   The easiest way to get a copy of DDD is from someone else who has
it.  You need not ask for permission to do so, or tell any one else;
just copy it.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Getting DDD,  Next: Contributors,  Prev: Free Software,  Up: Summary

Getting DDD
===========

If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest version of
DDD from the anonymous FTP server `ftp.gnu.org' in the directory
`/gnu/ddd'.  This should contain the following files:

``ddd-VERSION.tar.gz''
     The DDD source distribution.  This should be all you need.

``ddd-VERSION-html-manual.tar.gz''
     The DDD manual in HTML format.  You need this only if you want to
     install a local copy of the DDD manual in HTML format.

``ddd-VERSION-pics.tar.gz''
     Sources of images included in the DDD manual.  You need this only
     if you want to recreate the DDD manual.

   DDD can also be found at numerous other archive sites around the
world; check the file `ANNOUNCE' in a DDD distribution for the latest
known list.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Contributors,  Next: History,  Prev: Getting DDD,  Up: Summary

Contributors to DDD
===================

Dorothea Lütkehaus and Andreas Zeller were the original authors of DDD.
Many others have contributed to its development.  The files `ChangeLog'
and `THANKS' in the DDD distribution approximates a blow-by-blow
account.

File: ddd.info,  Node: History,  Prev: Contributors,  Up: Summary

History of DDD
==============

The history of DDD is a story of code recycling.  The oldest parts of
DDD were written in 1990, when _Andreas Zeller_ designed VSL, a
box-based visual structure language for visualizing data and program
structures.  The VSL interpreter and the Box library became part of
Andreas' Diploma Thesis, a graphical syntax editor based on the
Programming System Generator PSG.

   In 1992, the VSL and Box libraries were recycled for the NORA
project.  For NORA, an experimental inference-based software
development tool set, Andreas wrote a graph editor (based on VSL and
the Box libraries) and facilities for inter-process knowledge exchange.
Based on these tools, _Dorothea Lütkehaus_ (now _Dorothea Krabiell_)
realized DDD as her Diploma Thesis, 1994.

   The original DDD had no source window; this was added by Dorothea
during the winter of 1994-1995.  In the first quarter of 1995, finally,
Andreas completed DDD by adding command and execution windows,
extensions for DBX and remote debugging as well as configuration
support for several architectures.  Since then, Andreas has further
maintained and extended DDD, based on the comments and suggestions of
several DDD users around the world.  See the comments in the DDD source
for details.

   Major DDD events:

April, 1995
     DDD 0.9: First DDD beta release.

May, 1995
     DDD 1.0: First public DDD release.

December, 1995
     DDD 1.4: Machine-level debugging, glyphs, Emacs integration.

October, 1996
     DDD 2.0: Color displays, XDB support, generic DBX support, command
     tool.

May, 1997
     DDD 2.1: Alias detection, button tips, status displays.

November, 1997
     DDD 2.2: Sessions, display shortcuts.

June, 1998
     DDD 3.0: Icon tool bar, Java support, JDB support.

December, 1998
     DDD 3.1: Data plotting, Perl support, Python support, Undo/Redo.

January, 2000
     DDD 3.2: New manual, Readline support, Ladebug support.

January, 2001
     DDD 3.3: Data themes, JDB 1.2 support, VxWorks support.

November, 2002
     DDD 3.3.2: Bash support.

March, 2003
     DDD 3.3.3: Better Bash support. Compiles using modern tools thanks
     to Daniel Schepler.

Dec, 2005
     DDD 3.3.12-test: GNU Make support added.

Feb, 2006
     DDD 3.3.12-test3: Modernize Python debugging

File: ddd.info,  Node: Sample Session,  Next: Invocation,  Prev: Summary,  Up: Top

1 A Sample DDD Session
**********************

You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about DDD.
However, a handful of features are enough to get started using the
debugger.  This chapter illustrates those features.

   The sample program `sample.c' (*note Sample Program::) exhibits the
following bug.  Normally, `sample' should sort and print its arguments
numerically, as in the following example:

     $ ./sample 8 7 5 4 1 3
     1 3 4 5 7 8
     $ _

   However, with certain arguments, this goes wrong:

     $ ./sample 8000 7000 5000 1000 4000
     1000 1913 4000 5000 7000
     $ _

   Although the output is sorted and contains the right number of
arguments, some arguments are missing and replaced by bogus numbers;
here, `8000' is missing and replaced by `1913'.(1)

   Let us use DDD to see what is going on.  First, you must compile
`sample.c' for debugging (*note Compiling for Debugging::), giving the
`-g' flag while compiling:

     $ gcc -g -o sample sample.c
     $ _

* Menu:

* Sample Program::              Source `sample.c'

   Now, you can invoke DDD (*note Invocation::) on the `sample'
executable:

     $ ddd sample

   After a few seconds, DDD comes up.  The "Source Window" contains the
source of your debugged program; use the "Scroll Bar" to scroll through
the file.

   The "Debugger Console" (at the bottom) contains DDD version
information as well as a GDB prompt.(2)

     GNU DDD Version 3.3.12-rc1, by Dorothea Lütkehaus and Andreas Zeller.
     Copyright (C) 1995-1999 Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
     Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Universität Passau, Germany.
     Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
     Reading symbols from sample...done.
     (gdb) _

   The first thing to do now is to place a "Breakpoint" (*note
Breakpoints::), making `sample' stop at a location you are interested
in.  Click on the blank space left to the initialization of `a'.  The
"Argument field" `():' now contains the location (`sample.c:31').  Now,
click on `Break' to create a breakpoint at the location in `()'.  You
see a little red stop sign appear in line 31.

   The next thing to do is to actually "execute" the program, such that
you can examine its behavior (*note Running::).  Select `Program =>
Run' to execute the program; the `Run Program' dialog appears.

   In `Run with Arguments', you can now enter arguments for the
`sample' program.  Enter the arguments resulting in erroneous behavior
here--that is, `8000 7000 5000 1000 4000'.  Click on `Run' to start
execution with the arguments you just entered.

   GDB now starts `sample'.  Execution stops after a few moments as the
breakpoint is reached.  This is reported in the debugger console.

     (gdb) break sample.c:31
     Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048666: file sample.c, line 31.
     (gdb) run 8000 7000 5000 1000 4000
     Starting program: sample 8000 7000 5000 1000 4000

     Breakpoint 1, main (argc=6, argv=0xbffff918) at sample.c:31
     (gdb) _

   The current execution line is indicated by a green arrow.

     => a = (int *)malloc((argc - 1) * sizeof(int));

   You can now examine the variable values.  To examine a simple
variable, you can simply move the mouse pointer on its name and leave
it there.  After a second, a small window with the variable value pops
up (*note Value Tips::).  Try this with `argc' to see its value (`6').
The local variable `a' is not yet initialized; you'll probably see
`0x0' or some other invalid pointer value.

   To execute the current line, click on the `Next' button on the
command tool.  The arrow advances to the following line.  Now, point
again on `a' to see that the value has changed and that `a' has
actually been initialized.

   To examine the individual values of the `a' array, enter `a[0]' in
the argument field (you can clear it beforehand by clicking on `():')
and then click on the `Print' button.  This prints the current value of
`()' in the debugger console (*note Printing Values::).  In our case,
you'll get

     (gdb) print a[0]
     $1 = 0
     (gdb) _

or some other value (note that `a' has only been allocated, but the
contents have not yet been initialized).

   To see all members of `a' at once, you must use a special GDB
operator.  Since `a' has been allocated dynamically, GDB does not know
its size; you must specify it explicitly using the `@' operator (*note
Array Slices::).  Enter `a[0]@(argc - 1)' in the argument field and
click on the `Print' button.  You get the first `argc - 1' elements of
`a', or

     (gdb) print a[0]@(argc - 1)
     $2 = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
     (gdb) _

   Rather than using `Print' at each stop to see the current value of
`a', you can also "display" `a', such that its is automatically
displayed.  With `a[0]@(argc - 1)' still being shown in the argument
field, click on `Display'.  The contents of `a' are now shown in a new
window, the "Data Window".  Click on `Rotate' to rotate the array
horizontally.

   Now comes the assignment of `a''s members:

     =>  for (i = 0; i < argc - 1; i++)
             a[i] = atoi(argv[i + 1]);

   You can now click on `Next' and `Next' again to see how the
individual members of `a' are being assigned.  Changed members are
highlighted.

   To resume execution of the loop, use the `Until' button.  This makes
GDB execute the program until a line greater than the current is
reached.  Click on `Until' until you end at the call of `shell_sort' in

     =>  shell_sort(a, argc);

   At this point, `a''s contents should be `8000 7000 5000 1000 4000'.
Click again on `Next' to step over the call to `shell_sort'.  DDD ends
in

     =>  for (i = 0; i < argc - 1; i++)
             printf("%d ", a[i]);

and you see that after `shell_sort' has finished, the contents of `a'
are `1000, 1913, 4000, 5000, 7000'--that is, `shell_sort' has somehow
garbled the contents of `a'.

   To find out what has happened, execute the program once again.  This
time, you do not skip through the initialization, but jump directly into
the `shell_sort' call.  Delete the old breakpoint by selecting it and
clicking on `Clear'.  Then, create a new breakpoint in line 35 before
the call to `shell_sort'.  To execute the program once again, select
`Program => Run Again'.

   Once more, DDD ends up before the call to `shell_sort':
     =>  shell_sort(a, argc);

   This time, you want to examine closer what `shell_sort' is doing.
Click on `Step' to step into the call to `shell_sort'.  This leaves
your program in the first executable line, or

     => int h = 1;

   while the debugger console tells us the function just entered:

     (gdb) step
     shell_sort (a=0x8049878, size=6) at sample.c:9
     (gdb) _

   This output that shows the function where `sample' is now suspended
(and its arguments) is called a "stack frame display".  It shows a
summary of the stack.  You can use `Status => Backtrace' to see where
you are in the stack as a whole; selecting a line (or clicking on `Up'
and `Down') will let you move through the stack.  Note how the `a'
display disappears when its frame is left.

   Let us now check whether `shell_sort''s arguments are correct.
After returning to the lowest frame, enter `a[0]@size' in the argument
field and click on `Print':

     (gdb) print a[0] @ size
     $4 = {8000, 7000, 5000, 1000, 4000, 1913}
     (gdb) _

   Surprise!  Where does this additional value `1913' come from?  The
answer is simple: The array size as passed in `size' to `shell_sort' is
_too large by one_--`1913' is a bogus value which happens to reside in
memory after `a'.  And this last value is being sorted in as well.

   To see whether this is actually the problem cause, you can now assign
the correct value to `size' (*note Assignment::).  Select `size' in the
source code and click on `Set'.  A dialog pops up where you can edit
the variable value.

   Change the value of `size' to `5' and click on `OK'.  Then, click on
`Finish' to resume execution of the `shell_sort' function:

     (gdb) set variable size = 5
     (gdb) finish
     Run till exit from #0  shell_sort (a=0x8049878, size=5) at sample.c:9
     0x80486ed in main (argc=6, argv=0xbffff918) at sample.c:35
     (gdb) _

   Success!  The `a' display now contains the correct values `1000,
4000, 5000, 7000, 8000'.

   You can verify that these values are actually printed to standard
output by further executing the program.  Click on `Cont' to continue
execution.

     (gdb) cont
     1000 4000 5000 7000 8000

     Program exited normally.
     (gdb) _

   The message `Program exited normally.' is from GDB; it indicates
that the `sample' program has finished executing.

   Having found the problem cause, you can now fix the source code.
Click on `Edit' to edit `sample.c', and change the line

     shell_sort(a, argc);

to the correct invocation

     shell_sort(a, argc - 1);

   You can now recompile `sample'

     $ gcc -g -o sample sample.c
     $ _

and verify (via `Program => Run Again') that `sample' works fine now.

     (gdb) run
     `sample' has changed; re-reading symbols.
     Reading in symbols...done.
     Starting program: sample 8000 7000 5000 1000 4000
     1000 4000 5000 7000 8000

     Program exited normally.
     (gdb) _

   All is done; the program works fine now.  You can end this DDD
session with `Program => Exit' or `Ctrl+Q'.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Actual numbers and behavior on your system may vary.

   (2) Re-invoke DDD with `--gdb', if you do not see a `(gdb)' prompt
here (*note Choosing an Inferior Debugger::)

File: ddd.info,  Node: Sample Program,  Up: Sample Session

1.1 Sample Program
==================

Here's the source `sample.c' of the sample program.


     /* sample.c -- Sample C program to be debugged with DDD */

     #include <stdio.h>
     #include <stdlib.h>

     static void shell_sort(int a[], int size)
     {
         int i, j;
         int h = 1;
         do {
             h = h * 3 + 1;
         } while (h <= size);
         do {
             h /= 3;
             for (i = h; i < size; i++)
             {
                 int v = a[i];
                 for (j = i; j >= h && a[j - h] > v; j -= h)
                     a[j] = a[j - h];
                 if (i != j)
                     a[j] = v;
             }
         } while (h != 1);
     }

     int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     {
         int *a;
         int i;

         a = (int *)malloc((argc - 1) * sizeof(int));
         for (i = 0; i < argc - 1; i++)
             a[i] = atoi(argv[i + 1]);

         shell_sort(a, argc);

         for (i = 0; i < argc - 1; i++)
             printf("%d ", a[i]);
         printf("\n");

         free(a);
         return 0;
     }

File: ddd.info,  Node: Invocation,  Next: Windows,  Prev: Sample Session,  Up: Top

2 Getting In and Out of DDD
***************************

This chapter discusses how to start DDD, and how to get out of it.  The
essentials are:

   * Type `ddd' to start DDD (*note Invoking::).

   * Use `File => Exit' or `Ctrl+Q' to exit (*note Quitting::).

* Menu:

* Invoking::                    How to invoke DDD.
* Quitting::                    How to quit DDD.
* Sessions::                    Saving work across invocations.
* Remote Debugging::            Running DDD on a different host.
* Customizing Debugger Interaction::  How DDD and GDB communicate.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Invoking,  Next: Quitting,  Up: Invocation

2.1 Invoking DDD
================

Normally, you can run DDD by invoking the program `ddd'.

   You can also run DDD with a variety of arguments and options, to
specify more of your debugging environment at the outset.

   The most usual way to start DDD is with one argument, specifying an
executable program:

     ddd PROGRAM

If you use GDB, DBX, Ladebug, or XDB as inferior debuggers, you can also
start with both an executable program and a core file specified:

     ddd PROGRAM CORE

   You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you
want to debug a running process:

     ddd PROGRAM 1234

would attach DDD to process `1234' (unless you also have a file named
`1234'; DDD does check for a core file first).

   You can further control DDD by invoking it with specific "options".
To get a list of DDD options, invoke DDD as

     ddd --help

   Most important are the options to specify the inferior debugger
(*note Choosing an Inferior Debugger::), but you can also customize
several aspects of DDD upon invocation (*note Options::).

   DDD also understands the usual X options such as `-display' or
`-geometry'.  *Note X Options::, for details.

   All arguments and options that are not understood by DDD are passed
to the inferior debugger; *Note Inferior Debugger Options::, for a
survey.  To pass an option to the inferior debugger that conflicts with
an X option, or with a DDD option listed here, use the `--debugger'
option (*note Options::).

* Menu:

* Choosing an Inferior Debugger::  Which debugger to use?
* Options::                     How to invoke DDD
* X Options::                   Setting X properties
* Inferior Debugger Options::   Customizing GDB, DBX, and so on
* Multiple Instances::          Running multiple DDD instances
* X Warnings::                  Turning off obnoxious warnings

File: ddd.info,  Node: Choosing an Inferior Debugger,  Next: Options,  Up: Invoking

2.1.1 Choosing an Inferior Debugger
-----------------------------------

The most frequently required options are those to choose a specific
inferior debugger.

   Normally, the inferior debugger is determined by the program to
analyze:

   * If the program requires a specific interpreter, such as Bash, Java,
     GNU Make, Perl, or Python, then you should use a Bash, JDB, GNU
     Make, Perl, `pydb', Bash, or inferior debugger.

     Use

          ddd --bash PROGRAM
          ddd --interpreter='_path-to-debugger-bash_ --debugger' PROGRAM

          ddd --jdb PROGRAM

          ddd --make PROGRAM
          ddd --interpreter='_path-to-debugger-make_ --debugger' PROGRAM

          ddd --perl PROGRAM

          ddd --pydb PROGRAM

     to run DDD with JDB, `pydb', Perl, Bash, or GNU Make as an inferior
     debugger.

   * If the program is an executable binary, you should use DBX, GDB,
     Ladebug, or XDB.  In general, GDB (or its HP variant, WDB)
     provides the most functionality of these debuggers.

     Use

          ddd --dbx PROGRAM

          ddd --gdb PROGRAM

          ddd --ladebug PROGRAM

          ddd --wdb PROGRAM

          ddd --xdb PROGRAM

     to run DDD with GDB, WDB, DBX, Ladebug, or XDB as inferior
     debugger.

   If you invoke DDD without any of these options, but give a PROGRAM
to analyze, then DDD will automatically determine the inferior debugger:

   * If PROGRAM is a Python program, a Perl script, or a Java class,
     DDD will invoke the appropriate debugger.

   * If PROGRAM is an executable binary, DDD will invoke its default
     debugger for executables (usually GDB).

   *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for more details on
determining the inferior debugger.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Options,  Next: X Options,  Prev: Choosing an Inferior Debugger,  Up: Invoking

2.1.2 DDD Options
-----------------

You can further control how DDD starts up using the following options.
All options may be abbreviated, as long as they are unambiguous; single
dashes `-' instead of double dashes `--' may also be used.  Almost all
options control a specific DDD resource or resource class (*note
Customizing::).

`--attach-windows'
     Attach the source and data windows to the debugger console,
     creating one single big DDD window.  This is the default setting.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `Separate'
     resource class to `off'.  *Note Window Layout::, for details.

`--attach-source-window'
     Attach only the source window to the debugger console.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `separateSourceWindow' resource to `off'.  *Note Window Layout::,
     for details.

`--attach-data-window'
     Attach only the source window to the debugger console.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `separateDataWindow' resource to `off'.  *Note Window Layout::,
     for details.

`--automatic-debugger'
     Determine the inferior debugger automatically from the given
     arguments.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `autoDebugger'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--button-tips'
     Enable button tips.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `buttonTips'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing Help::, for details.

`--configuration'
     Print the DDD configuration settings on standard output and exit.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `showConfiguration' resource to `on'.  *Note Diagnostics::, for
     details.

`--check-configuration'
     Check the DDD environment (in particular, the X configuration),
     report any possible problem causes and exit.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `checkConfiguration' resource to `on'.  *Note Diagnostics::, for
     details.

`--data-window'
     Open the data window upon start-up.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `openDataWindow' resource to `on'.  *Note Toggling Windows::, for
     details.

`--dbx'
     Run DBX as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `dbx'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--debugger NAME'
     Invoke the inferior debugger NAME.  This is useful if you have
     several debugger versions around, or if the inferior debugger
     cannot be invoked under its usual name (i.e. `gdb', `wdb', `dbx',
     `xdb', `jdb', `pydb', or `perl').

     This option can also be used to pass options to the inferior
     debugger that would otherwise conflict with DDD options.  For
     instance, to pass the option `-d DIRECTORY' to XDB, use:

          ddd --debugger "xdb -d DIRECTORY"

     If you use the `--debugger' option, be sure that the type of
     inferior debugger is specified as well.  That is, use one of the
     options `--gdb', `--dbx', `--xdb', `--jdb', `--pydb', or `--perl'
     (unless the default setting works fine).

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `debuggerCommand' resource to NAME.  *Note Customizing Debugger
     Interaction::, for details.

`--debugger-console'
     Open the debugger console upon start-up.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `openDebuggerConsole' resource to `on'.  *Note Toggling Windows::,
     for details.

`--disassemble'
     Disassemble the source code.  See also the `--no-disassemble'
     option, below.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `disassemble'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing Source::, for details.

`--exec-window'
     Run the debugged program in a specially created execution window.
     This is useful for programs that have special terminal
     requirements not provided by the debugger window, as raw keyboard
     processing or terminal control sequences.  *Note Using the
     Execution Window::, for details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `separateExecWindow' resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing the
     Execution Window::, for details.

`--font FONTNAME'
`-fn FONTNAME'
     Use FONTNAME as default font.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `defaultFont'
     resource to `fontname'.  *Note Customizing Fonts::, for details.

`--fonts'
     Show the font definitions used by DDD on standard output.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `showFonts'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Diagnostics::, for details.

`--fontsize SIZE'
     Set the default font size to SIZE (in 1/10 points).  To make DDD
     use 12-point fonts, say `--fontsize 120'.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `FontSize'
     resource class to `size'.  *Note Customizing Fonts::, for details.

`--fullname'
`-f'
     Enable the TTY interface, taking additional debugger commands from
     standard input and forwarding debugger output on standard output.
     Current positions are issued in GDB `-fullname' format suitable
     for debugger front-ends.  By default, both the debugger console
     and source window are disabled.  *Note TTY mode::, for a
     discussion.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `TTYMode'
     resource class to `on'.  *Note TTY mode::, for details.

`--gdb'
     Run GDB as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `gdb'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--glyphs'
     Display the current execution position and breakpoints as glyphs.
     See also the `--no-glyphs' option, below.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `displayGlyphs' resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing Source::, for
     details.

`--help'
`-h'
`-?'
     Give a list of frequently used options.  Show options of the
     inferior debugger as well.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `showInvocation' resource to `on'.  *Note Diagnostics::, for
     details.

`--host HOSTNAME'
`--host USERNAME@HOSTNAME'
     Invoke the inferior debugger directly on the remote host HOSTNAME.
     If USERNAME is given and the `--login' option is not used, use
     USERNAME as remote user name.  *Note Remote Debugger::, for
     details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debuggerHost'
     resource to HOSTNAME.  *Note Remote Debugger::, for details.

`--jdb'
     Run JDB as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `jdb'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--ladebug'
     Run Ladebug as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `ladebug'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::,
     for details.

`--lesstif-hacks'
     Equivalent to `--lesstif-version 999'.  Deprecated.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `lessTifVersion' resource to `999'.  *Note LessTif::, for details.

`--lesstif-version VERSION'
     Enable some hacks to make DDD run properly with LessTif.  *Note
     LessTif::, for a discussion.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `lessTifVersion' resource to VERSION.  *Note LessTif::, for
     details.

`--license'
     Print the DDD license on standard output and exit.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `showLicense'
     resource to ON.  *Note Diagnostics::, for details.

`--login USERNAME'
`-l USERNAME'
     Use USERNAME as remote user name.  *Note Remote Debugger::, for
     details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `debuggerHostLogin' resource to USERNAME.  *Note Remote
     Debugger::, for details.

`--maintenance'
     Enable the top-level `Maintenance' menu with options for debugging
     DDD.  *Note Maintenance Menu::, for details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `maintenance'
     resource to ON.  *Note Maintenance Menu::, for details.

`--manual'
     Print the DDD manual on standard output and exit.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `showManual'
     resource to ON.  *Note Diagnostics::, for details.

`--news'
     Print the DDD news on standard output and exit.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `showNews'
     resource to ON.  *Note Diagnostics::, for details.

`--no-button-tips'
     Disable button tips.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `buttonTips'
     resource to `off'.  *Note Customizing Help::, for details.

`--no-data-window'
     Do not open the data window upon start-up.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `openDataWindow' resource to `off'.  *Note Toggling Windows::, for
     details.

`--no-debugger-console'
     Do not open the debugger console upon start-up.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `openDebuggerConsole' resource to `off'.  *Note Toggling
     Windows::, for details.

`--no-disassemble'
     Do not disassemble the source code.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `disassemble'
     resource to `off'.  *Note Customizing Source::, for details.

`--no-exec-window'
     Do not run the debugged program in a specially created execution
     window; use the debugger console instead.  Useful for programs
     that have little terminal input/output, or for remote debugging.
     *Note Using the Execution Window::, for details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `separateExecWindow' resource to `off'.  *Note Customizing the
     Execution Window::, for details.

`--no-glyphs'
     Do not use glyphs; display the current execution position and
     breakpoints as text characters.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `displayGlyphs' resource to `off'.  *Note Customizing Source::,
     for details.

`--no-lesstif-hacks'
     Equivalent to `--lesstif-version 1000'.  Deprecated.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `lessTifVersion' resource to `1000'.  *Note LessTif::, for details.

`--no-maintenance'
     Do not enable the top-level `Maintenance' menu with options for
     debugging DDD.  This is the default.  *Note Maintenance Menu::,
     for details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `maintenance'
     resource to OFF.  *Note Maintenance Menu::, for details.

`--no-source-window'
     Do not open the source window upon start-up.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `openSourceWindow' resource to `off'.  *Note Toggling Windows::,
     for details.

`--no-value-tips'
     Disable value tips.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `valueTips'
     resource to `off'.  *Note Value Tips::, for details.

`--nw'
     Do not use the X window interface.  Start the inferior debugger on
     the local host.

`--perl'
     Run Perl as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `perl'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--pydb'
     Run `pydb' as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `pydb'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--panned-graph-editor'
     Use an Athena panner to scroll the data window.  Most people prefer
     panners on scroll bars, since panners allow two-dimensional
     scrolling.  However, the panner is off by default, since some
     M*tif implementations do not work well with Athena widgets.  *Note
     Display Resources::, for details; see also
     `--scrolled-graph-editor', below.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `pannedGraphEditor' resource to `on'.  *Note Display Resources::,
     for details.

`--play-log LOG-FILE'
     Recapitulate a previous DDD session.

          ddd --play-log LOG-FILE

     invokes DDD as inferior debugger, simulating the inferior debugger
     given in LOG-FILE (see below).  This is useful for debugging DDD.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `playLog'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--PLAY LOG-FILE'
     Simulate an inferior debugger.  LOG-FILE is a `~/.ddd/log' file as
     generated by some previous DDD session (*note Logging::).  When a
     command is entered, scan LOG-FILE for this command and re-issue
     the logged reply; if the command is not found, do nothing.  This
     is used by the `--play' option.

`--rhost HOSTNAME'
`--rhost USERNAME@HOSTNAME'
     Run the inferior debugger interactively on the remote host
     HOSTNAME.  If USERNAME is given and the `--login' option is not
     used, use USERNAME as remote user name.  *Note Remote Debugger::,
     for details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `debuggerRHost' resource to HOSTNAME.  *Note Remote Debugger::,
     for details.

`--scrolled-graph-editor'
     Use M*tif scroll bars to scroll the data window.  This is the
     default in most DDD configurations.  *Note Display Resources::,
     for details; see also `--panned-graph-editor', above.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `pannedGraphEditor' resource to `off'.  *Note Display Resources::,
     for details.

`--separate-windows'
`--separate'
     Separate the console, source and data windows.  See also the
     `--attach' options, above.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `Separate'
     resource class to `off'.  *Note Window Layout::, for details.

`--session SESSION'
     Load SESSION upon start-up.  *Note Resuming Sessions::, for
     details.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `session'
     resource to SESSION.  *Note Resuming Sessions::, for details.

`--source-window'
     Open the source window upon start-up.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `openSourceWindow' resource to `on'.  *Note Toggling Windows::,
     for details.

`--status-at-bottom'
     Place the status line at the bottom of the source window.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `statusAtBottom' resource to `on'.  *Note Window Layout::, for
     details.

`--status-at-top'
     Place the status line at the top of the source window.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `statusAtBottom' resource to `off'.  *Note Window Layout::, for
     details.

`--sync-debugger'
     Do not process X events while the debugger is busy.  This may
     result in slightly better performance on single-processor systems.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `synchronousDebugger' resource to `on'.  *Note Customizing
     Debugger Interaction::, for details.

`--toolbars-at-bottom'
     Place the toolbars at the bottom of the respective window.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `toolbarsAtBottom' resource to `on'.  *Note Window Layout::, for
     details.

`--toolbars-at-top'
     Place the toolbars at the top of the respective window.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD
     `toolbarsAtBottom' resource to `off'.  *Note Window Layout::, for
     details.

`--trace'
     Show the interaction between DDD and the inferior debugger on
     standard error.  This is useful for debugging DDD.  If `--trace'
     is not specified, this information is written into `~/.ddd/log'
     (`~' stands for your home directory), such that you can also do a
     post-mortem debugging.  *Note Logging::, for details about logging.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `trace'
     resource to ON.  *Note Diagnostics::, for details.

`--tty'
`-t'
     Enable TTY interface, taking additional debugger commands from
     standard input and forwarding debugger output on standard output.
     Current positions are issued in a format readable for humans.  By
     default, the debugger console is disabled.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `ttyMode'
     resource to `on'.  *Note TTY mode::, for details.

`--value-tips'
     Enable value tips.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `valueTips'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Value Tips::, for details.

`--version'
`-v'
     Print the DDD version on standard output and exit.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `showVersion'
     resource to `on'.  *Note Diagnostics::, for details.

`--vsl-library LIBRARY'
     Load the VSL library LIBRARY instead of using the DDD built-in
     library.  This is useful for customizing display shapes and fonts.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `vslLibrary'
     resource to LIBRARY.  *Note VSL Resources::, for details.

`--vsl-path PATH'
     Search VSL libraries in PATH (a colon-separated directory list).

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `vslPath'
     resource to PATH.  *Note VSL Resources::, for details.

`--vsl-help'
     Show a list of further options controlling the VSL interpreter.
     These options are intended for debugging purposes and are subject
     to change without further notice.

`--wdb'
     Run WDB as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `wdb'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

`--xdb'
     Run XDB as inferior debugger.

     Giving this option is equivalent to setting the DDD `debugger'
     resource to `xdb'.  *Note Customizing Debugger Interaction::, for
     details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: X Options,  Next: Inferior Debugger Options,  Prev: Options,  Up: Invoking

2.1.3 X Options
---------------

DDD also understands the following X options.  Note that these options
only take a single dash `-'.

`-display DISPLAY'
     Use the X server DISPLAY.  By default, DISPLAY is taken from the
     `DISPLAY' environment variable.

`-geometry GEOMETRY'
     Specify the initial size and location of the debugger console.

`-iconic'
     Start DDD iconified.

`-name NAME'
     Give DDD the name NAME.

`-selectionTimeout TIMEOUT'
     Specify the timeout in milliseconds within which two communicating
     applications must respond to one another for a selection request.

`-title NAME'
     Give the DDD window the title NAME.

`-xrm RESOURCESTRING'
     Specify a resource name and value to override any defaults.  

File: ddd.info,  Node: Inferior Debugger Options,  Next: Multiple Instances,  Prev: X Options,  Up: Invoking

2.1.4 Inferior Debugger Options
-------------------------------

All options that DDD does not recognize are passed to the inferior
debugger.  This section lists the most useful options of the different
inferior debuggers supported by DDD.  In case these options do not work
as expected, please lookup the appropriate reference.

* Menu:

* GDB Options::
* DBX and Ladebug Options::
* XDB Options::
* JDB Options::
* Bash Options::
* GNU Make Options::
* Perl Options::
* PYDB Options::

File: ddd.info,  Node: GDB Options,  Next: DBX and Ladebug Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.1 GDB Options
...................

These GDB options are useful when using DDD with GDB as inferior
debugger.  Single dashes `-' instead of double dashes `--' may also be
used.

`-b BAUDRATE'
     Set serial port baud rate used for remote debugging.

`--cd DIR'
     Change current directory to DIR.

`--command FILE'
     Execute GDB commands from FILE.

`--core COREFILE'
     Analyze the core dump COREFILE.

`--directory DIR'
`-d DIR'
     Add DIRECTORY to the path to search for source files.

`--exec EXECFILE'
     Use EXECFILE as the executable.

`--mapped'
     Use mapped symbol files if supported on this system.

`--nx'

`-n'
     Do not read `.gdbinit' file.

`--readnow'
     Fully read symbol files on first access.

`--se FILE'
     Use FILE as symbol file and executable file.

`--symbols SYMFILE'
     Read symbols from SYMFILE.

   *Note Invoking GDB: (gdb)Invoking GDB, for further options that can
be used with GDB.

File: ddd.info,  Node: DBX and Ladebug Options,  Next: XDB Options,  Prev: GDB Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.2 DBX and Ladebug Options
...............................

DBX variants differ widely in their options, so we cannot give a list
here.  Check out the `dbx(1)' and `ladebug(1)' manual pages.

File: ddd.info,  Node: XDB Options,  Next: JDB Options,  Prev: DBX and Ladebug Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.3 XDB Options
...................

These XDB options are useful when using DDD with XDB as inferior
debugger.

`-d DIR'
     Specify DIR as an alternate directory where source files are
     located.

`-P PROCESS-ID'
     Specify the process ID of an existing process the user wants to
     debug.

`-l LIBRARY'
     Pre-load information about the shared library LIBRARY.  `-l ALL'
     means always pre-load shared library information.

`-S NUM'
     Set the size of the string cache to NUM bytes (default is 1024,
     which is also the minimum).

`-s'
     Enable debugging of shared libraries.

   Further options can be found in the `xdb(1)' manual page.

File: ddd.info,  Node: JDB Options,  Next: Bash Options,  Prev: XDB Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.4 JDB Options
...................

JDB as of JDK 1.2
.................

The following JDB options are useful when using DDD with JDB (from JDK
1.2) as inferior debugger.

`-attach ADDRESS'
     attach to a running virtual machine (VM) at ADDRESS using standard
     connector

`-listen ADDRESS'
     wait for a running VM to connect at ADDRESS using standard
     connector

`-listenany'
     wait for a running VM to connect at any available address using
     standard connector

`-launch'
     launch VM immediately instead of waiting for `run' command

   These JDB options are forwarded to the debuggee:

`-verbose[:class|gc|jni]'
`-v'
     Turn on verbose mode.

`-DNAME=VALUE'
     Set the system property NAME to VALUE.

`-classpath PATH'
     List directories in which to look for classes.  PATH is a list of
     directories separated by colons.

`-X OPTION'
     Non-standard target VM option

JDB as of JDK 1.1
.................

The following JDB options are useful when using DDD with JDB (from JDK
1.1) as inferior debugger.

`-host HOSTNAME'
     host machine of interpreter to attach to

`-password PSSWD'
     password of interpreter to attach to (from `-debug')

   These JDB options are forwarded to the debuggee:

`-verbose'
`-v'
     Turn on verbose mode.

`-debug'
     Enable remote Java debugging,

`-noasyncgc'
     Don't allow asynchronous garbage collection.

`-verbosegc'
     Print a message when garbage collection occurs.

`-noclassgc'
     Disable class garbage collection.

`-checksource'
`-cs'
     Check if source is newer when loading classes.

`-ss NUMBER'
     Set the maximum native stack size for any thread.

`-oss NUMBER'
     Set the maximum Java stack size for any thread.

`-ms NUMBER'
     Set the initial Java heap size.

`-mx NUMBER'
     Set the maximum Java heap size.

`-DNAME=VALUE'
     Set the system property NAME to VALUE.

`-classpath PATH'
     List directories in which to look for classes.  PATH is a list of
     directories separated by colons.

`-prof'
`-prof:FILE'
     Output profiling data to `./java.prof'.  If FILE is given, write
     the data to `./FILE'.

`-verify'
     Verify all classes when read in.

`-verifyremote'
     Verify classes read in over the network (default).

`-noverify'
     Do not verify any class.

`-dbgtrace'
     Print info for debugging JDB.

   Further options can be found in the JDB documentation.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Bash Options,  Next: GNU Make Options,  Prev: JDB Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.5 Bash Options
....................

If you have the proper bash installed, the option needed to specify
debugging support is `--debugger'. If your bash doesn't understand this
option you need to pick up a version of bash that does from
`http://bashdb.sourceforge.net'.  Other options can be found from the
on-line documentation at `http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/bashdb.html'

File: ddd.info,  Node: GNU Make Options,  Next: Perl Options,  Prev: Bash Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.6 GNU Make Options
........................

If you have the proper `make' installed (for now it is probably called
`remake'), the option needed to specify debugging support is
`--debugger'. You can pick up a debugger-enabled version from
`http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/remake'. Other options can be found from
the on-line documentation at
`http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/remake/mdb.html'

File: ddd.info,  Node: Perl Options,  Next: PYDB Options,  Prev: GNU Make Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.7 Perl Options
....................

The most important Perl option to use with DDD is `-w'; it enables
several important warnings.  For further options, see the `perlrun(1)'
manual page.

File: ddd.info,  Node: PYDB Options,  Prev: Perl Options,  Up: Inferior Debugger Options

2.1.4.8 PYDB Options
....................

An older version of `pydb' used to come with DDD. That is no longer the
case. Pick up the newer version of `pydb' from
`http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/pydb'. For a list of useful `pydb'
options, check out the `pydb' documentation,
`http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/pydb/pydb/lib/index.html'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Multiple Instances,  Next: X Warnings,  Prev: Inferior Debugger Options,  Up: Invoking

2.1.5 Multiple DDD Instances
----------------------------

If you have multiple DDD instances running, they share common
preferences and history files.  This means that changes applied to one
instance may get lost when being overwritten by the other instance.
DDD has two means to protect you against unwanted losses.  The first
means is an automatic reloading of changed options, controlled by the
following resource (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: checkOptions (class CheckOptions)
     Every N seconds, where N is the value of this resource, DDD checks
     whether the options file has changed.  Default is `30', which
     means that every 30 seconds, DDD checks for the options file.
     Setting this resource to `0' disables checking for changed option
     files.

   Normally, automatic reloading of options should already suffice.  If
you need stronger protection, DDD also provides a warning against
multiple instances.  This warning is disabled by default, If you want to
be warned about multiple DDD invocations sharing the same preferences
and history files, enable `Edit => Preferences => Warn if Multiple DDD
Instances are Running'.

   This setting is tied to the following resource (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: warnIfLocked (class WarnIfLocked)
     Whether to warn if multiple DDD instances are running (`on') or
     not (`off', default).

File: ddd.info,  Node: X Warnings,  Prev: Multiple Instances,  Up: Invoking

2.1.6 X warnings
----------------

If you are bothered by X warnings, you can suppress them by setting
`Edit => Preferences => General => Suppress X warnings'.

   This setting is tied to the following resource (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: suppressWarnings (class SuppressWarnings)
     If `on', X warnings are suppressed.  This is sometimes useful for
     executables that were built on a machine with a different X or
     M*tif configuration.  By default, this is `off'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Quitting,  Next: Sessions,  Prev: Invoking,  Up: Invocation

2.2 Quitting DDD
================

To exit DDD, select `File => Exit'.  You may also type the `quit'
command at the debugger prompt or press <Ctrl+Q>.  GDB and XDB also
accept the `q' command or an end-of-file character (usually <Ctrl+D>).
Closing the last DDD window will also exit DDD.

   An interrupt (<ESC> or `Interrupt') does not exit from DDD, but
rather terminates the action of any debugger command that is in
progress and returns to the debugger command level.  It is safe to type
the interrupt character at any time because the debugger does not allow
it to take effect until a time when it is safe.

   In case an ordinary interrupt does not succeed, you can also use an
abort (<Ctrl+\> or `Abort'), which sends a `SIGABRT' signal to the
inferior debugger.  Use this in emergencies only; the inferior debugger
may be left inconsistent or even exit after a `SIGABRT' signal.

   As a last resort (if DDD hangs, for example), you may also interrupt
DDD itself using an interrupt signal (`SIGINT').  This can be done by
typing the interrupt character (usually <Ctrl+C>) in the shell DDD was
started from, or by using the UNIX `kill' command.  An interrupt signal
interrupts any DDD action; the inferior debugger is interrupted as
well.  Since this interrupt signal can result in internal
inconsistencies, use this as a last resort in emergencies only; save
your work as soon as possible and restart DDD.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Sessions,  Next: Remote Debugging,  Prev: Quitting,  Up: Invocation

2.3 Persistent Sessions
=======================

If you want to interrupt your current DDD session, you can save the
entire the entire DDD state as "session" on disk and resume later.

* Menu:

* Saving Sessions::
* Resuming Sessions::
* Deleting Sessions::
* Customizing Sessions::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Saving Sessions,  Next: Resuming Sessions,  Up: Sessions

2.3.1 Saving Sessions
---------------------

To save a session, select `File => Save Session As'.  You will be asked
for a symbolic session name SESSION.

   If your program is running (*note Running::), or if you have opened a
core file (*note Opening Core Dumps::), DDD can also include a core
file in the session such that the debuggee data will be restored when
re-opening it.  To get a core file, DDD typically must "kill" the
debuggee.  This means that you cannot resume program execution after
saving a session.  Depending on your architecture, other options for
getting a core file may also be available.

   Including a core dump is necessary for restoring memory contents and
the current execution position.  To include a core dump, enable
`Include Core Dump'.

   After clicking on `Save', the session is saved in
`~/.ddd/sessions/SESSION'.

   Here's a list of the items whose state is saved in a session:
   * The state of the debugged program, as a core file.(1)

   * All breakpoints and watchpoints (*note Stopping::).

   * All signal settings (*note Signals::).

   * All displays (*note Displaying Values::).(2)

   * All DDD options (*note Saving Options::).

   * All debugger settings (*note Debugger Settings::).

   * All user-defined buttons (*note Defining Buttons::).

   * All user-defined commands (*note Defining Commands::).

   * The positions and sizes of DDD windows.

   * The command history (*note Command History::).

   After saving the current state as a session, the session becomes
"active".  This means that DDD state will be saved as session defaults:

   * User options will be saved in `~/.ddd/sessions/SESSION/init'
     instead of `~/.ddd/init'.  *Note Saving Options::, for details.

   * The DDD command history will be saved in
     `~/.ddd/sessions/SESSION/history' instead of `~/.ddd/history'.
     *Note Command History::, for details.

   To make the current session inactive, open the _default session_
named `[None]'.  *Note Resuming Sessions::, for details on opening
sessions.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Only if a core file is included.

   (2) If a core file is _not_ to be included in the session, DDD data
displays are saved as _deferred_; that is, they will be restored as
soon as program execution reaches the scope in which they were created.
*Note Creating Single Displays::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Resuming Sessions,  Next: Deleting Sessions,  Prev: Saving Sessions,  Up: Sessions

2.3.2 Resuming Sessions
-----------------------

To resume a previously saved session, select `File => Open Session' and
choose a session name from the list.  After clicking on `Open', the
entire DDD state will be restored from the given session.

   The session named `[None]' is the "default session" which is active
when starting DDD.  To save options for default sessions, choose the
default session before exiting DDD.  *Note Saving Options::, for
details.

   If a the restored session includes a core dump, the program being
debugged will be in the same state at the time the session was saved; in
particular, you can examine the program data.  However, you will not be
able to resume program execution since the process and its environment
(open files, resources, etc.) no longer exist.  However, you can restart
the program, re-using the restored breakpoints and data displays.

   Opening sessions also restores command definitions, buttons, display
shortcuts and the source tab width.  This way, you can maintain a
different set of definitions for each session.

   You can also specify a session to open when starting DDD.  To invoke
DDD with a session SESSION, use

     ddd --session SESSION

   There is also a shortcut that opens the session SESSION and invokes
the inferior debugger on an executable named SESSION (in case SESSION
cannot be opened):

     ddd =SESSION

   There is no need to give further command-line options when
restarting a session, as they will be overridden by the options saved
in the session.

   You can also use an X session manager such as `xsm' to save and
restore DDD sessions.(1) When being shut down by a session manager, DDD
saves its state under the name specified by the session manager;
resuming the X session makes DDD reload its saved state.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Requires X11R6 or later.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Deleting Sessions,  Next: Customizing Sessions,  Prev: Resuming Sessions,  Up: Sessions

2.3.3 Deleting Sessions
-----------------------

To delete sessions that are no longer needed, select `File => Open
Session' or `File => Save Session'.  Select the sessions you want to
delete and click on `Delete'.

   The default session `[None]' cannot be deleted.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Sessions,  Prev: Deleting Sessions,  Up: Sessions

2.3.4 Customizing Sessions
--------------------------

You can change the place where DDD saves its sessions by setting the
environment variable `DDD_SESSIONS' to the name of a directory.
Default is `~/.ddd/sessions/'.

   Where applicable, DDD supports a `gcore' command to obtain core
files of the running program.  You can enter its path via `Edit =>
Preferences => Helpers => Get Core File'.  Leave the value empty if you
have no `gcore' or similar command.

   This setting is tied to the following resource (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: getCoreCommand (class GetCoreCommand)
     A command to get a core dump of a running process (typically,
     `gcore') `@FILE@' is replaced by the base name of the file to
     create; `@PID@' is replaced by the process id.  The output must be
     written to `@FILE@.@PID@'.

     Leave the value empty if you have no `gcore' or similar command.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Remote Debugging,  Next: Customizing Debugger Interaction,  Prev: Sessions,  Up: Invocation

2.4 Remote Debugging
====================

You can have each of DDD, the inferior debugger, and the debugged
program run on different machines.

* Menu:

* Remote Host::                 Running DDD on a Remote Host
* Remote Debugger::             Using a Remote Inferior Debugger
* Remote Program::              Debugging a Remote Program

File: ddd.info,  Node: Remote Host,  Next: Remote Debugger,  Up: Remote Debugging

2.4.1 Running DDD on a Remote Host
----------------------------------

You can run DDD on a remote host, using your current host as X display.
On the remote host, invoke DDD as

     ddd -display DISPLAY

where DISPLAY is the name of the X server to connect to (for instance,
`HOSTNAME:0.0', where HOSTNAME is your host).

   Instead of specifying `-display DISPLAY', you can also set the
`DISPLAY' environment variable to DISPLAY.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Remote Debugger,  Next: Remote Program,  Prev: Remote Host,  Up: Remote Debugging

2.4.2 Using DDD with a Remote Inferior Debugger
-----------------------------------------------

In order to run the inferior debugger on a remote host, you need
`remsh' (called `rsh' on BSD systems) access on the remote host.

   To run the debugger on a remote host HOSTNAME, invoke DDD as
     ddd --host HOSTNAME REMOTE-PROGRAM

   If your remote USERNAME differs from the local username, use

     ddd --host HOSTNAME --login USERNAME REMOTE-PROGRAM

or

     ddd --host USERNAME@HOSTNAME REMOTE-PROGRAM

instead.

   There are a few _caveats_ in remote mode:

   * The remote debugger is started in your remote home directory.
     Hence, you must specify an absolute path name for REMOTE-PROGRAM
     (or a path name relative to your remote home directory).  Same
     applies to remote core files.  Also, be sure to specify a remote
     process id when debugging a running program.

   * The remote debugger is started non-interactively.  Some DBX
     versions have trouble with this.  If you do not get a prompt from
     the remote debugger, use the `--rhost' option instead of `--host'.
     This will invoke the remote debugger via an interactive shell on
     the remote host, which may lead to better results.

     Note: using `--rhost', DDD invokes the inferior debugger as soon
     as a shell prompt appears.  The first output on the remote host
     ending in a space character or `>' and not followed by a newline is
     assumed to be a shell prompt.  If necessary, adjust your shell
     prompt on the remote host.

   * To run the remote program, DDD invokes an `xterm' terminal
     emulator on the remote host, giving your current `DISPLAY'
     environment variable as address.  If the remote host cannot invoke
     `xterm', or does not have access to your X display, start DDD with
     the `--no-exec-window' option.  The program input/output will then
     go through the DDD debugger console.

   * In remote mode, all sources are loaded from the remote host; file
     dialogs scan remote directories.  This may result in somewhat
     slower operation than normal.

   * To help you find problems due to remote execution, run DDD with
     the `--trace' option.  This prints the shell commands issued by
     DDD on standard error.

   *Note Customizing Remote Debugging::, for customizing remote mode.

* Menu:

* Customizing Remote Debugging::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Remote Debugging,  Up: Remote Debugger

2.4.2.1 Customizing Remote Debugging
....................................

When having the inferior debugger run on a remote host (*note Remote
Debugging::), all commands to access the inferior debugger as well as
its files must be run remotely.  This is controlled by the following
resources (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: rshCommand (class RshCommand)
     The remote shell command to invoke TTY-based commands on remote
     hosts.  Usually, `remsh', `rsh', `ssh', or `on'.  

 -- Resource: listCoreCommand (class listCoreCommand)
     The command to list all core files on the remote host.  The string
     `@MASK@' is replaced by a file filter.  The default setting is:

          Ddd*listCoreCommand: \
          file @MASK@ | grep '.*:.*core.*' | cut -d: -f1

 -- Resource: listDirCommand (class listDirCommand)
     The command to list all directories on the remote host.  The string
     `@MASK@' is replaced by a file filter.  The default setting is:

          Ddd*listDirCommand: \
          file @MASK@ | grep '.*:.*directory.*' | cut -d: -f1

 -- Resource: listExecCommand (class listExecCommand)
     The command to list all executable files on the remote host.  The
     string `@MASK@' is replaced by a file filter.  The default setting
     is:

          Ddd*listExecCommand: \
          file @MASK@ | grep '.*:.*exec.*' \
            | grep -v  '.*:.*script.*' \
            | cut -d: -f1 | grep -v '.*\.o$'

 -- Resource: listSourceCommand (class listSourceCommand)
     The command to list all source files on the remote host.  The
     string `@MASK@' is replaced by a file filter.  The default setting
     is:

          Ddd*listSourceCommand: \
          file @MASK@ | grep '.*:.*text.*' | cut -d: -f1

File: ddd.info,  Node: Remote Program,  Prev: Remote Debugger,  Up: Remote Debugging

2.4.3 Debugging a Remote Program
--------------------------------

The GDB debugger allows you to run the _debugged program_ on a remote
machine (called _remote target_), while GDB runs on the local machine.

   *Note Remote Debugging: (gdb)Remote, for details.  Basically, the
following steps are required:

   * Transfer the executable to the remote target.

   * Start `gdbserver' on the remote target.

   * Start DDD using GDB on the local machine, and load the same
     executable using the GDB `file' command.

   * Attach to the remote `gdbserver' using the GDB `target remote'
     command.  

   The local `.gdbinit' file is useful for setting up directory search
paths, etc.

   Of course, you can also combine DDD remote mode and GDB remote mode,
running DDD, GDB, and the debugged program each on a different machine.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Debugger Interaction,  Prev: Remote Debugging,  Up: Invocation

2.5 Customizing Interaction with the Inferior Debugger
======================================================

These settings control the interaction of DDD with its inferior
debugger.

* Menu:

* Debugger Invocation::
* Debugger Initialization::
* Debugger Communication::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Debugger Invocation,  Next: Debugger Initialization,  Up: Customizing Debugger Interaction

2.5.1 Invoking an Inferior Debugger
-----------------------------------

To choose the default inferior debugger, select `Edit => Preferences =>
Startup => Debugger Type'.  You can

   * have DDD determine the appropriate inferior debugger automatically
     from its command-line arguments.  Set `Determine Automatically
     from Arguments' to enable.

   * have DDD start the debugger of your choice, as specified in
     `Debugger Type'.

   The following DDD resources control the invocation of the inferior
debugger (*note Customizing::).

 -- Resource: autoDebugger (class AutoDebugger)
     If this is `on' (default), DDD will attempt to determine the
     debugger type from its arguments, possibly overriding the
     `debugger' resource (see below).  If this is `off', DDD will
     invoke the debugger specified by the `debugger' resource
     regardless of DDD arguments.

 -- Resource: debugger (class Debugger)
     The type of the inferior debugger to invoke (`bash' `dbx', `gdb',
     `jdb', `ladebug', `make', `perl', `pydb', or `xdb').

     This resource is usually set through the `--bash', `--dbx',
     `--gdb', `--jdb', `--ladebug', `--make', `--perl', `--pydb', and
     `--xdb', options; *Note Options::, for details.

 -- Resource: debuggerCommand (class DebuggerCommand)
     The name under which the inferior debugger is to be invoked.  If
     this string is empty (default), the debugger type (`debugger'
     resource) is used.

     This resource is usually set through the `--debugger' option;
     *Note Options::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Debugger Initialization,  Next: Debugger Communication,  Prev: Debugger Invocation,  Up: Customizing Debugger Interaction

2.5.2 Initializing the Inferior Debugger
----------------------------------------

DDD uses a number of resources to initialize the inferior debugger
(*note Customizing::).

* Menu:

* Bash Initialization::
* DBX Initialization::
* GDB Initialization::
* JDB Initialization::
* GNU Make Initialization::
* Perl Initialization::
* PYDB Initialization::
* XDB Initialization::
* Finding a Place to Start::
* Opening the Selection::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Bash Initialization,  Next: DBX Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.1 Bash Initialization
...........................

 -- Resource: bashInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to the Bash debugger.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource may be used to customize the Bash debugger.

 -- Resource: bash (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to the Bash debugger.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource is used by DDD to save and restore Bash debugger
     settings.

File: ddd.info,  Node: DBX Initialization,  Next: GDB Initialization,  Prev: Bash Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.2 DBX Initialization
..........................

 -- Resource: dbxInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to DBX.  By default, it is empty.

     Do not use this resource to customize DBX; instead, use a personal
     `~/.dbxinit' or `~/.dbxrc' file.  See your DBX documentation for
     details.

 -- Resource: dbxSettings (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to DBX.  By default, it is empty.

File: ddd.info,  Node: GDB Initialization,  Next: JDB Initialization,  Prev: DBX Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.3 GDB Initialization
..........................

 -- Resource: gdbInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to GDB.  As a side-effect, all settings specified
     in this resource are considered fixed and cannot be changed
     through the GDB settings panel, unless preceded by white space.
     By default, the `gdbInitCommands' resource contains some settings
     vital to DDD:

            Ddd*gdbInitCommands: \
            set height 0\n\
            set width 0\n\
             set verbose off\n\
            set prompt (gdb) \n

     While the `set height', `set width', and `set prompt' settings are
     fixed, the `set verbose' settings can be changed through the GDB
     settings panel (although being reset upon each new DDD invocation).

     Do not use this resource to customize GDB; instead, use a personal
     `~/.gdbinit' file.  See your GDB documentation for details.

 -- Resource: gdbSettings (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to GDB.  Its default value is

            Ddd*gdbSettings: \
            set print asm-demangle on\n

     This resource is used to save and restore the debugger settings.

 -- Resource: sourceInitCommands (class SourceInitCommands)
     If `on' (default), DDD writes all GDB initialization commands into
     a temporary file and makes GDB read this file, rather than sending
     each initialization command separately.  This results in faster
     startup (especially if you have several user-defined commands).  If
     `off', DDD makes GDB process each command separately.

File: ddd.info,  Node: JDB Initialization,  Next: GNU Make Initialization,  Prev: GDB Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.4 JDB Initialization
..........................

 -- Resource: jdbInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to JDB.  This resource may be used to customize
     JDB.  By default, it is empty.

 -- Resource: jdbSettings (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to JDB.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource is used by DDD to save and restore JDB settings.

File: ddd.info,  Node: GNU Make Initialization,  Next: Perl Initialization,  Prev: JDB Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.5 GNU Make Initialization
...............................

 -- Resource: makeInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to the Bash debugger.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource may be used to customize GNU Make debugging.

 -- Resource: bash (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to the GNU Make debugger.  By default, it is
     empty.

     This resource is used by DDD to save and restore GNU Make debugger
     settings.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Perl Initialization,  Next: PYDB Initialization,  Prev: GNU Make Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.6 Perl Initialization
...........................

 -- Resource: perlInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to the Perl debugger.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource may be used to customize the Perl debugger.

 -- Resource: perlSettings (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to the Perl debugger.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource is used by DDD to save and restore Perl debugger
     settings.

File: ddd.info,  Node: PYDB Initialization,  Next: XDB Initialization,  Prev: Perl Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.7 PYDB Initialization
...........................

 -- Resource: pydbInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to `pydb'.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource may be used to customize `pydb'.

 -- Resource: pydbSettings (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to `pydb'.  By default, it is empty.

     This resource is used by DDD to save and restore `pydb' settings.

File: ddd.info,  Node: XDB Initialization,  Next: Finding a Place to Start,  Prev: PYDB Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.8 XDB Initialization
..........................

 -- Resource: xdbInitCommands (class InitCommands)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     initially sent to XDB.  By default, it is empty.

     Do not use this resource to customize DBX; instead, use a personal
     `~/.xdbrc' file.  See your XDB documentation for details.

 -- Resource: xdbSettings (class Settings)
     This string contains a list of newline-separated commands that are
     also initially sent to XDB.  By default, it is empty.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Finding a Place to Start,  Next: Opening the Selection,  Prev: XDB Initialization,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.9 Finding a Place to Start
................................

 -- Resource: initSymbols (class InitSymbols)
     When loading an executable, DDD queries the inferior debugger for
     the initial source location--typically the `main' function.  If
     this location is not found, DDD tries other symbols from this
     newline-separated list.  The default value makes DDD look for a
     variety of main functions (especially FORTRAN main functions):
          main\n\
          MAIN\n\
          main_\n\
          MAIN_\n\
          main__\n\
          MAIN__\n\
          _main\n\
          _MAIN\n\
          __main\n\
          __MAIN

File: ddd.info,  Node: Opening the Selection,  Prev: Finding a Place to Start,  Up: Debugger Initialization

2.5.2.10 Opening the Selection
..............................

 -- Resource: openSelection (class OpenSelection)
     If this is `on', DDD invoked without argument checks whether the
     current selection or clipboard contains the file name or URL of an
     executable program.  If this is so, DDD will automatically open
     this program for debugging.  If this resource is `off' (default),
     DDD invoked without arguments will always start without a debugged
     program.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Debugger Communication,  Prev: Debugger Initialization,  Up: Customizing Debugger Interaction

2.5.3 Communication with the Inferior Debugger
----------------------------------------------

The following resources control the communication with the inferior
debugger.

 -- Resource: blockTTYInput (class BlockTTYInput)
     Whether DDD should block when reading data from the inferior
     debugger via the pseudo-tty interface.  Most UNIX systems except
     GNU/Linux _require_ this; set it to `on'.  On GNU/Linux, set it to
     `off'.  The value `auto' (default) will always select the "best"
     choice (that is, the best choice known to the DDD developers).

 -- Resource: bufferGDBOutput (class BufferGDBOutput)
     If this is `on', all output from the inferior debugger is buffered
     until a debugger prompt appears.  This makes it easier for DDD to
     parse the output, but has the drawback that interaction with a
     running debuggee in the debugger console is not possible.  If
     `off', output is shown as soon as it arrives, enabling
     interaction, but making it harder for DDD to parse the output.  If
     `auto' (default), output is buffered if and only if the execution
     window is open, which redirects debuggee output and thus enables
     interaction.  *Note Using the Execution Window::, for details.

 -- Resource: contInterruptDelay (class InterruptDelay)
     The time (in ms) to wait before automatically interrupting a `cont'
     command.  DDD cannot interrupt a `cont' command immediately,
     because this may disturb the status change of the process.
     Default is `200'.

 -- Resource: displayTimeout (class DisplayTimeout)
     The time (in ms) to wait for the inferior debugger to finish a
     partial display information.  Default is `2000'.

 -- Resource: positionTimeout (class PositionTimeout)
     The time (in ms) to wait for the inferior debugger to finish a
     partial position information.  Default is `500'.

 -- Resource: questionTimeout (class QuestionTimeout)
     The time (in seconds) to wait for the inferior debugger to reply.
     Default is `10'.

 -- Resource: runInterruptDelay (class InterruptDelay)
     The time (in ms) to wait before automatically interrupting a `run'
     command.  DDD cannot interrupt a `cont' command immediately,
     because this may disturb process creation.  Default is `2000'.

 -- Resource: stopAndContinue (class StopAndContinue)
     If `on' (default), debugger commands interrupt program execution,
     resuming execution after the command has completed.  This only
     happens if the last debugger command was either a `run' or a
     `continue' command.  If `off', debugger commands do not interrupt
     program execution.

 -- Resource: synchronousDebugger (class SynchronousDebugger)
     If `on', X events are not processed while the debugger is busy.
     This may result in slightly better performance on single-processor
     systems.  *Note Options::, for the `--sync-debugger' option.

 -- Resource: terminateOnEOF (class TerminateOnEOF)
     If `on', DDD terminates the inferior debugger when DDD detects an
     EOF condition (that is, as soon as the inferior debugger closes
     its output channel).  This was the default behavior in DDD 2.x and
     earlier.  If `off' (default), DDD takes no special action.

 -- Resource: useTTYCommand (class UseTTYCommand)
     If `on', use the GDB `tty' command for redirecting input/output to
     the separate execution window.  If `off', use explicit redirection
     through shell redirection operators `<' and `>'.  The default is
     `off' (explicit redirection), since on some systems, the `tty'
     command does not work properly on some GDB versions.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Windows,  Next: Navigating,  Prev: Invocation,  Up: Top

3 The DDD Windows
*****************

DDD is composed of three main windows.  From top to bottom, we have:

   * The "Data Window" shows the current data of the debugged program.
     *Note Displaying Values::, for details.  

   * The "Source Window" shows the current source code of the debugged
     program.  *Note Navigating::, for details.  

   * The "Debugger Console" accepts debugger commands and shows debugger
     messages.  *Note Commands::, for details.  

   Besides these three main windows, there are some other optional
windows:

   * The "Command Tool" offers buttons for frequently used commands.
     It is usually placed on the source window.  *Note Command Tool::,
     for details.  

   * The "Machine Code Window" shows the current machine code.  It is
     usually placed beneath the current source.  *Note Machine Code::,
     for details.  

   * The "Execution Window" shows the input and output of the debugged
     program.  *Note Using the Execution Window::, for details.  

* Menu:

* Menu Bar::                    All DDD pull-down menus.
* Tool Bar::                    The DDD icon buttons.
* Command Tool::                The floating command tool.
* Getting Help::                What does this thing mean?
* Undo and Redo::               Oops!
* Customizing::                 You can customize DDD

File: ddd.info,  Node: Menu Bar,  Next: Tool Bar,  Up: Windows

3.1 The Menu Bar
================

The DDD Menu Bar gives you access to all DDD functions.

`File'
     Perform file-related operations such as selecting programs,
     processes, and sessions, printing graphs, recompiling, as well as
     exiting DDD.

`Edit'
     Perform standard editing operations, such as cutting, copying,
     pasting, and killing selected text.  Also allows editing DDD
     options and preferences.

`View'
     Allows accessing the individual DDD windows.

`Program'
     Perform operations related to the program being debugged, such as
     starting and stopping the program.

`Commands'
     Perform operations related to DDD commands, such as accessing the
     command history or defining new commands.

`Status'
     Examine the program status, such as the stack traces, registers, or
     threads.

`Source'
     Perform source-related operations such as looking up items or
     editing breakpoints.

`Data'
     Perform data-related operations such as editing displays or
     layouting the display graph.

`Maintenance'
     Perform operations that are useful for debugging DDD.  By default,
     this menu is disabled.

`Help'
     Give help on DDD usage.

   There are two ways of selecting an item from a pull-down menu:

   * Select an item in the menu bar by moving the cursor over it and
     click _mouse button 1_.  Then move the cursor over the menu item
     you want to choose and click left again.

   * Select an item in the menu bar by moving the cursor over it and
     click and hold _mouse button 1_.  With the mouse button depressed,
     move the cursor over the menu item you want, then release it to
     make your selection.

   The menus can also be "torn off" (i.e. turned into a persistent
window) by selecting the dashed line at the top.

   If a command in the pull-down menu is not applicable in a given
situation, the command is "disabled" and its name appears faded.  You
cannot invoke items that are faded.  For example, many commands on the
`Edit' menu appear faded until you select text on which they are to
operate; after you select a block of text, edit commands are enabled.

* Menu:

* File Menu::                   Selecting programs and processes.
* Edit Menu::                   Cut, copy, paste, and preferences.
* View Menu::                   All DDD windows.
* Program Menu::                Starting and stopping.
* Commands Menu::               All DDD commands.
* Status Menu::                 Examining the program status.
* Source Menu::                 Navigating around.
* Data Menu::                   Examining data.
* Maintenance Menu::            Maintaining DDD.
* Help Menu::                   Getting help.
* Customizing the Menu Bar::    Alternate key bindings, etc.

File: ddd.info,  Node: File Menu,  Next: Edit Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.1 The File Menu
-------------------

The `File' menu contains file-related operations such as selecting
programs, processes, and sessions, printing graphs, recompiling, as well
as exiting DDD.

`Open Program'
`Open Class'
     Open a program or class to be debugged (<Ctrl+O>).  *Note Opening
     Programs::, for details.

`Open Recent'
     Re-open a recently opened program to be debugged.  *Note Opening
     Programs::, for details.

`Open Core Dump'
     Open a core dump for the currently debugged program.  *Note
     Opening Core Dumps::, for details.

`Open Source'
     Open a source file of the currently debugged program.  *Note
     Opening Source Files::, for details.

`Open Session'
     Resume a previously saved DDD session (<Ctrl+N>).  *Note Resuming
     Sessions::, for details.

`Save Session As'
     Save the current DDD session such that you can resume it later
     (<Ctrl+S>).  *Note Saving Sessions::, for details.

`Attach to Process'
     Attach to a running process of the debugged program.  *Note
     Attaching to a Process::, for details.

`Detach Process'
     Detach from the running process.  *Note Attaching to a Process::,
     for details.

`Print Graph'
     Print the current graph on a printer.  *Note Printing the Graph::,
     for details.

`Change Directory'
     Change the working directory of your program.  *Note Working
     Directory::, for details.

`Make'
     Run the `make' program (<Ctrl+M>).  *Note Recompiling::, for
     details.

`Close'
     Close this DDD window (<Ctrl+W>).  *Note Quitting::, for details.

`Restart'
     Restart DDD.

`Exit'
     Exit DDD (<Ctrl+Q>).  *Note Quitting::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Edit Menu,  Next: View Menu,  Prev: File Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.2 The Edit Menu
-------------------

The `Edit' menu contains standard editing operations, such as cutting,
copying, pasting, and killing selected text.  Also allows editing DDD
options and preferences.

`Undo'
     Undo the most recent action (<Ctrl+Z>).  Almost all commands can be
     undone this way.  *Note Undo and Redo::, for details.

`Redo'
     Redo the action most recently undone (<Ctrl+Y>).  Every command
     undone can be redone this way.  *Note Undo and Redo::, for details.

`Cut'
     Removes the selected text block from the current text area and
     makes it the X clipboard selection (<Ctrl+X> or <Shift+Del>; *Note
     Customizing the Edit Menu::, for details).  Before executing this
     command, you have to select a region in a text area--either with
     the mouse or with the usual text selection keys.

     This item can also be applied to displays (*note Deleting
     Displays::).

`Copy'
     Makes a selected text block the X clipboard selection (<Ctrl+C> or
     <Ctrl+Ins>; *Note Customizing the Edit Menu::, for details).  You
     can select text by selecting a text region with the usual text
     selection keys or with the mouse.  *Note Customizing the Edit
     Menu::, for changing the default accelerator.

     This item can also be applied to displays (*note Deleting
     Displays::).

`Paste'
     Inserts the current value of the X clipboard selection in the most
     recently selected text area (<Ctrl+V> or <Shift+Ins>; *Note
     Customizing the Edit Menu::, for details).  You can paste in text
     you have placed in the clipboard using `Copy' or `Cut'.  You can
     also use `Paste' to insert text that was pasted into the clipboard
     from other applications.

`Clear'
     Clears the most recently selected text area (<Ctrl+U>).

`Delete'
     Removes the selected text block from the most recently selected
     text area, but does not make it the X clipboard selection.

     This item can also be applied to displays (*note Deleting
     Displays::).

`Select All'
     Selects all characters from the most recently selected text area
     (<Ctrl+A> or or <Ctrl+Shift+A>; *note Customizing the Edit Menu::,
     for details).

`Preferences'
     Allows you to customize DDD interactively.  *Note Customizing::,
     for details.

`Debugger Settings'
     Allows you to customize the inferior debugger.  *Note Debugger
     Settings::, for details.

`Save Options'
     If set, all preferences and settings will be saved for the next DDD
     invocation.  *Note Saving Options::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: View Menu,  Next: Program Menu,  Prev: Edit Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.3 The View Menu
-------------------

The `View' menu allows accessing the individual DDD windows.

`Command Tool'
     Open and recenter the command tool (<Alt+8>).  *Note Command
     Tool::, for details.

`Execution Window'
     Open the separate execution window (<Alt+9>).  *Note Using the
     Execution Window::, for details.

`Debugger Console'
     Open the debugger console (<Alt+1>).  *Note Commands::, for
     details.

`Source Window'
     Open the source window (<Alt+2>).  *Note Navigating::, for details.

`Data Window'
     Open the data window (<Alt+3>).  *Note Displaying Values::, for
     details.

`Machine Code Window'
     Show machine code (<Alt+4>).  *Note Machine Code::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Program Menu,  Next: Commands Menu,  Prev: View Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.4 The Program Menu
----------------------

The `Program' menu performs operations related to the program being
debugged, such as starting and stopping the program.

   Most of these operations are also found on the command tool (*note
Command Tool::).

`Run'
     Start program execution, prompting for program arguments (<F2>).
     *Note Starting Program Execution::, for details.

`Run Again'
     Start program execution with the most recently used arguments
     (<F3>).  *Note Starting Program Execution::, for details.

`Run in Execution Window'
     If enabled, start next program execution in separate execution
     window.  *Note Using the Execution Window::, for details.

`Step'
     Continue running your program until control reaches a different
     source line, then stop it and return control to DDD (<F5>).  *Note
     Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Step Instruction'
     Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to DDD
     (<Shift+F5>).  *Note Machine Code Execution::, for details.

`Next'
     Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack
     frame (<F6>).  This is similar to `Step', but function calls that
     appear within the line of code are executed without stopping.
     *Note Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Next Instruction'
     Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call,
     proceed until the function returns (<Shift+F6>).  *Note Machine
     Code Execution::, for details.

`Until'
     Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the
     current stack frame, is reached (<F7>).  *Note Resuming
     Execution::, for details.

`Finish'
     Continue running until just after function in the selected stack
     frame returns (<F8>).  Print the returned value (if any).  *Note
     Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Continue'
     Resume program execution, at the address where your program last
     stopped (<F9>); any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed.
     *Note Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Continue Without Signal'
     Continue execution without giving a signal (<Shift+F9>).  This is
     useful when your program stopped on account of a signal and would
     ordinary see the signal when resumed with `Continue'.  *Note
     Signals::, for details.

`Kill'
     Kill the process of the debugged program (<F4>).  *Note Killing
     the Program::, for details.

`Interrupt'
     Interrupt program execution (<Esc> or <Ctrl+C>; *note Customizing
     the Edit Menu::, for details).  This is equivalent to sending an
     interrupt signal to the process.  *Note Interrupting::, for
     details.

`Abort'
     Abort program execution (and maybe debugger execution, too;
     <Ctrl+\>).  This is equivalent to sending a `SIGABRT' signal to
     the process.  *Note Quitting::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Commands Menu,  Next: Status Menu,  Prev: Program Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.5 The Commands Menu
-----------------------

The `Commands' menu performs operations related to DDD commands, such
as accessing the command history or defining new commands.

   Most of these items are not meant to be actually executed via the
menu; instead, they serve as _reminder_ for the equivalent keyboard
commands.

`Command History'
     View the command history.  *Note Command History::, for details.

`Previous'
     Show the previous command from the command history (<Up>).  *Note
     Command History::, for details.

`Next'
     Show the next command from the command history (<Down>).  *Note
     Command History::, for details.

`Find Backward'
     Do an incremental search backward through the command history
     (<Ctrl+B>).  *Note Command History::, for details.

`Find Forward'
     Do an incremental search forward through the command history
     (<Ctrl+F>).  *Note Command History::, for details.

`Quit Search'
     Quit incremental search through the command history (<Esc>).
     *Note Command History::, for details.

`Complete'
     Complete the current command in the debugger console (<Tab>).
     *Note Entering Commands::, for details.

`Apply'
     Apply the current command in the debugger console (<Apply>).
     *Note Entering Commands::, for details.

`Clear Line'
     Clear the current command line in the debugger console (<Ctrl+U>).
     *Note Entering Commands::, for details.

`Clear Window'
     Clear the debugger console (<Shift+Ctrl+U>).  *Note Entering
     Commands::, for details.

`Define Command'
     Define a new debugger command.  *Note Defining Commands::, for
     details.

`Edit Buttons'
     Customize DDD buttons.  *Note Defining Buttons::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Status Menu,  Next: Source Menu,  Prev: Commands Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.6 The Status Menu
---------------------

The `Status' menu lets you examine the program status, such as the
stack traces, registers, or threads.

`Backtrace'
     View the current backtrace.  *Note Backtraces::, for a discussion.

`Registers'
     View the current register contents.  *Note Registers::, for
     details.

`Threads'
     View the current threads.  *Note Threads::, for details.

`Signals'
     View and edit the current signal handling.  *Note Signals::, for
     details.

`Up'
     Select the stack frame (i.e. the function) that called this one
     (<Ctrl+Up>).  This advances toward the outermost frame, to higher
     frame numbers, to frames that have existed longer.  *Note Stack::,
     for details.

`Down'
     Select the stack frame (i.e. the function) that was called by this
     one (<Ctrl+Down>).  This advances toward the innermost frame, to
     lower frame numbers, to frames that were created more recently.
     *Note Stack::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Source Menu,  Next: Data Menu,  Prev: Status Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.7 The Source Menu
---------------------

The `Source' menu performs source-related operations such as looking up
items or editing breakpoints.

`Breakpoints'
     Edit all Breakpoints.  *Note Editing all Breakpoints::, for
     details.

`Lookup ()'
     Look up the argument `()' in the source code (<Ctrl+/>).  *Note
     Looking up Definitions::, for details.

`Find >> ()'
     Look up the next occurrence of the argument `()' in the current
     source code (<Ctrl+.>).  *Note Textual Search::, for details.

`Find << ()'
     Look up the previous occurrence of the argument `()' in the current
     source code (<Ctrl+,>).  *Note Textual Search::, for details.

`Find Words Only'
     If enabled, find only complete words (<Alt+W>).  *Note Textual
     Search::, for details.

`Find Case Sensitive'
     If enabled, find is case-sensitive (<Alt+I>).  *Note Textual
     Search::, for details.

`Display Line Numbers'
     If enabled, prefix source lines with their line number (<Alt+N>).
     *Note Customizing Source::, for details.

`Display Machine Code'
     If enabled, show machine code (<Alt+4>).  *Note Machine Code::,
     for details.

`Edit Source'
     Invoke an editor for the current source file (<Shift+Ctrl+V>).
     *Note Editing Source Code::, for details.

`Reload Source'
     Reload the current source file (<Shift+Ctrl+L>).  *Note Editing
     Source Code::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Data Menu,  Next: Maintenance Menu,  Prev: Source Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.8 The Data Menu
-------------------

The `Data' menu performs data-related operations such as editing
displays or layouting the display graph.

`Displays'
     Invoke the Display Editor.  *Note Editing all Displays::, for
     details.

`Watchpoints'
     Edit all Watchpoints.  *Note Editing all Watchpoints::, for
     details.

`Memory'
     View a memory dump.  *Note Examining Memory::, for details.

`Print ()'
     Print the value of `()' in the debugger console (<Ctrl+=>).  *Note
     Printing Values::, for details.

`Display ()'
     Display the value of `()' in the data window (<Ctrl+->).  *Note
     Displaying Values::, for details.

`Detect Aliases'
     If enabled, detect shared data structures (<Alt+A>).  *Note Shared
     Structures::, for a discussion.

`Display Local Variables'
     Show all local variables in a display (<Alt+L>).  *Note Displaying
     Local Variables::, for details.

`Display Arguments'
     Show all arguments of the current function in a display (<Alt+U>).
     *Note Displaying Local Variables::, for details.

`Status Displays'
     Show current debugging information in a display.  *Note Displaying
     Program Status::, for details.

`Align on Grid'
     Align all displays on the grid (<Alt+G>).  *Note Aligning
     Displays::, for a discussion.

`Rotate Graph'
     Rotate the graph by 90 degrees (<Alt+R>).  *Note Rotating the
     Graph::, for details.

`Layout Graph'
     Layout the graph (<Alt+Y>).  *Note Layouting the Graph::, for
     details.

`Refresh'
     Update all values in the data window (<Ctrl+L>).  *Note Refreshing
     the Data Window::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Maintenance Menu,  Next: Help Menu,  Prev: Data Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.9 The Maintenance Menu
--------------------------

The `Maintenance' menu performs operations that are useful for
debugging DDD.

   By default, this menu is disabled; it is enabled by specifically
requesting it at DDD invocation (via the `--maintenance' option; *note
Options::).  It is also enabled when DDD gets a fatal signal.

`Debug DDD'
     Invoke a debugger (typically, GDB) and attach it to this DDD
     process (<F12>).  This is useful only if you are a DDD maintainer.

`Dump Core Now'
     Make this DDD process dump core.  This can also be achieved by
     sending DDD a `SIGUSR1' signal.

`Tic Tac Toe'
     Invoke a Tic Tac Toe game.  You must try to get three stop signs
     in a row, while preventing DDD from doing so with its skulls.
     Click on `New Game' to restart.

`When DDD Crashes'
     Select what to do when DDD gets a fatal signal.

    `Debug DDD'
          Invoke a debugger on the DDD core dump when DDD crashes.
          This is useful only if you are a DDD maintainer.

    `Dump Core'
          Just dump core when DDD crashes; don't invoke a debugger.
          This is the default setting, as the core dump may contain
          important information required for debugging DDD.

    `Do Nothing'
          Do not dump core or invoke a debugger when DDD crashes.

`Remove Menu'
     Make this menu inaccessible again.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Help Menu,  Next: Customizing the Menu Bar,  Prev: Maintenance Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.10 The Help Menu
--------------------

The `Help' menu gives help on DDD usage.  *Note Getting Help::, for a
discussion on how to get help within DDD.

`Overview'
     Explains the most important concepts of DDD help.

`On Item'
     Lets you click on an item to get help on it.

`On Window'
     Gives you help on this DDD window.

`What Now?'
     Gives a hint on what to do next.

`Tip of the Day'
     Shows the current tip of the day.

`DDD Reference'
     Shows the DDD Manual.

`DDD News'
     Shows what's new in this DDD release.

`Debugger Reference'
     Shows the on-line documentation for the inferior debugger.

`DDD License'
     Shows the DDD License (*note License::).

`DDD WWW Page'
     Invokes a WWW browser for the DDD WWW page.

`About DDD'
     Shows version and copyright information.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing the Menu Bar,  Prev: Help Menu,  Up: Menu Bar

3.1.11 Customizing the Menu Bar
-------------------------------

The Menu Bar can be customized in various ways (*note Customizing::).

* Menu:

* Auto-Raise Menus::
* Customizing the Edit Menu::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Auto-Raise Menus,  Next: Customizing the Edit Menu,  Up: Customizing the Menu Bar

3.1.11.1 Auto-Raise Menus
.........................

You can cause pull-down menus to be raised automatically.

 -- Resource: autoRaiseMenu (class AutoRaiseMenu)
     If `on' (default), DDD will always keep the pull down menu on top
     of the DDD main window.  If this setting interferes with your
     window manager, or if your window manager does not auto-raise
     windows, set this resource to `off'.

 -- Resource: autoRaiseMenuDelay (class AutoRaiseMenuDelay)
     The time (in ms) during which an initial auto-raised window blocks
     further auto-raises.  This is done to prevent two overlapping
     auto-raised windows from entering an _auto-raise loop_.  Default is
     `100'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing the Edit Menu,  Prev: Auto-Raise Menus,  Up: Customizing the Menu Bar

3.1.11.2 Customizing the Edit Menu
..................................

In the Menu Bar, the `Edit' Menu can be customized in various ways.
Use `Edit => Preferences => Startup' to customize these keys.

   The <Ctrl+C> key can be bound to different actions, each in
accordance with a specific style guide.

`Copy'
     This setting binds <Ctrl+C> to the Copy operation, as specified by
     the KDE style guide.  In this setting, use <ESC> to interrupt the
     debuggee.

`Interrupt'
   This (default) setting binds <Ctrl+C> to the Interrupt operation, as
used in several UNIX command-line programs.  In this setting, use
<Ctrl+Ins> to copy text to the clipboard.

   The <Ctrl+A> key can be bound to different actions, too.

`Select All'
     This (default) setting binds <Ctrl+A> to the `Select All'
     operation, as specified by the KDE style guide.  In this setting,
     use <Home> to move the cursor to the beginning of a line.

`Beginning of Line'
     This setting binds <Ctrl+A> to the `Beginning of Line' operation,
     as used in several UNIX text-editing programs.  In this setting,
     use <Ctrl+Shift+A> to select all text.

   Here are the related DDD resources:

 -- Resource: cutCopyPasteBindings (class BindingStyle)
     Controls the key bindings for clipboard operations.

        * If this is `Motif' (default), Cut/Copy/Paste is on
          <Shift+Del>/<Ctrl+Ins>/<Shift+Ins>.  This is conformant to
          the M*tif style guide.

        * If this is `KDE', Cut/Copy/Paste is on
          <Ctrl+X>/<Ctrl+C>/<Ctrl+V>.  This is conformant to the KDE
          style guide.  Note that this means that <Ctrl+C> no longer
          interrupts the debuggee; use <ESC> instead.

 -- Resource: selectAllBindings (class BindingStyle)
     Controls the key bindings for the `Select All' operation.

        * If this is `Motif', Select All is on <Shift+Ctrl+A>.

        * If this is `KDE' (default), Select All is on <Ctrl+A>.  This
          is conformant to the KDE style guide.  Note that this means
          that <Ctrl+A> no longer moves the cursor to the beginning of
          a line; use <Home> instead.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Tool Bar,  Next: Command Tool,  Prev: Menu Bar,  Up: Windows

3.2 The Tool Bar
================

Some DDD commands require an _argument_.  This argument is specified in
the _argument field_, labeled `():'.  Basically, there are four ways to
set arguments:

   * You can _key in_ the argument manually.

   * You can _paste_ the current selection into the argument field
     (typically using `mouse button 2').  To clear old contents
     beforehand, click on the `():' label.

   * You can _select an item_ from the source and data windows.  This
     will automatically copy the item to the argument field.

   * You can select a _previously used argument_ from the drop-down
     menu at the right of the argument field.

   Using GDB and Perl, the argument field provides a completion
mechanism.  You can enter the first few characters of an item an press
the <TAB> key to complete it.  Pressing <TAB> again shows alternative
completions.

   After having entered an argument, you can select one of the buttons
on the right.  Most of these buttons also have menus associated with
them; this is indicated by a small arrow in the upper right corner.
Pressing and holding _mouse button 1_ on such a button will pop up a
menu with further operations.

   These are the buttons of the tool bar.  Note that not all buttons
may be inactive, depending on the current state and the capabilities of
the inferior debugger.

`Lookup'
     Look up the argument `()' in the source code.  *Note Looking up
     Definitions::, for details.

`Find >>'
     Look up the next occurrence of the argument `()' in the current
     source code.  *Note Textual Search::, for details.

`Break/Clear'
     Toggle a breakpoint (*note Breakpoints::) at the location `()'.

    `Break'
          If there is no breakpoint at `()', then this button is labeled
          `Break'.  Clicking on `Break' sets a breakpoint at the
          location `()'.  *Note Setting Breakpoints::, for details.

    `Clear'
          If there already is a breakpoint at `()', then this button is
          labeled `Clear'.  Clicking on `Clear' clears (deletes) the
          breakpoint at the location `()'.  *Note Deleting
          Breakpoints::, for details.

`Watch/Unwatch'
     Toggle a watchpoint (*note Watchpoints::) on the expression `()'.

    `Watch'
          If `()' is not being watched, then this button is labeled
          `Watch'.  Clicking on `Watch' creates a watchpoint on the
          expression `()'.  *Note Setting Watchpoints::, for details.

    `Unwatch'
          If `()' is being watched, then this button is labeled
          `Unwatch'.  Clicking on `Unwatch' clears (deletes) the
          watchpoint on `()'.  *Note Deleting Watchpoints::, for
          details.

`Print'
     Print the value of `()' in the debugger console.  *Note Printing
     Values::, for details.

`Display'
     Display the value of `()' in the data window.  *Note Displaying
     Values::, for details.

`Plot'
     Plot `()' in a plot window.  *Note Plotting Values::, for details.

`Show/Hide'
     Toggle details of the selected display(s).  *Note Showing and
     Hiding Details::, for a discussion.

`Rotate'
     Rotate the selected display(s).  *Note Rotating Displays::, for
     details.

`Set'
     Set (change) the value of `()'.  *Note Assignment::, for details.

`Undisp'
     Undisplay (delete) the selected display(s).  *Note Deleting
     Displays::, for details.

* Menu:

* Customizing the Tool Bar::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing the Tool Bar,  Up: Tool Bar

3.2.1 Customizing the Tool Bar
------------------------------

The DDD tool bar buttons can appear in a variety of styles, customized
via `Edit => Preferences => Startup'.

`Images'
     This lets each tool bar button show an image illustrating the
     action.

`Captions'
     This shows the action name below the image.

   The default is to have images as well as captions, but you can
choose to have only images (saving space) or only captions.

   If you choose to have neither images nor captions, tool bar buttons
are labeled like other buttons, as in DDD 2.x.  Note that this implies
that in the stacked window configuration, the common tool bar cannot be
displayed; it is replaced by two separate tool bars, as in DDD 2.x.

   If you enable `Flat' buttons (default), the border of tool bar
buttons will appear only if the mouse pointer is over them.  This
latest-and-greatest GUI invention can be disabled, such that the button
border is always shown.

   If you enable `Color' buttons, tool bar images will be colored when
entered.  If DDD was built using M*tif 2.0 and later, you can also
choose a third setting, where buttons appear in color all the time.

   Here are the related resources (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: activeButtonColorKey (class ColorKey)
     The XPM color key to use for the images of active buttons (entered
     or armed).  `c' means color, `g' (default) means grey, and `m'
     means monochrome.

 -- Resource: buttonCaptions (class ButtonCaptions)
     Whether the tool bar buttons should be shown using captions (`on',
     default) or not (`off').  If neither captions nor images are
     enabled, tool bar buttons are shown using ordinary labels.  See
     also `buttonImages', below.

 -- Resource: buttonCaptionGeometry (class ButtonCaptionGeometry)
     The geometry of the caption subimage within the button icons.
     Default is `29x7+0-0'.

 -- Resource: buttonImages (class ButtonImages)
     Whether the tool bar buttons should be shown using images (`on',
     default) or not (`off').  If neither captions nor images are
     enabled, tool bar buttons are shown using ordinary labels.  See
     also `buttonCaptions', above.

 -- Resource: buttonImageGeometry (class ButtonImageGeometry)
     The geometry of the image within the button icon.  Default is
     `25x21+2+0'.

 -- Resource: buttonColorKey (class ColorKey)
     The XPM color key to use for the images of inactive buttons
     (non-entered or insensitive).  `c' means color, `g' (default)
     means grey, and `m' means monochrome.

 -- Resource: flatToolbarButtons (class FlatButtons)
     If `on' (default), all tool bar buttons with images or captions
     are given a `flat' appearance--the 3-D border only shows up when
     the pointer is over the icon.  If `off', the 3-D border is shown
     all the time.

 -- Resource: flatDialogButtons (class FlatButtons)
     If `on' (default), all dialog buttons with images or captions are
     given a `flat' appearance--the 3-D border only shows up when the
     pointer is over the icon.  If `off', the 3-D border is shown all
     the time.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Command Tool,  Next: Getting Help,  Prev: Tool Bar,  Up: Windows

3.3 The Command Tool
====================

The command tool is a small window that gives you access to the most
frequently used DDD commands.  It can be moved around on top of the DDD
windows, but it can also be placed besides them.

   By default, the command tool _sticks_ to the DDD source window:
Whenever you move the DDD source window, the command tool follows such
that the distance between source window and command tool remains the
same.  By default, the command tool is also _auto-raised_, such that it
stays on top of other DDD windows.

   The command tool can be configured to appear as a command tool bar
above the source window; see `Edit => Preferences => Source => Tool
Buttons Location' for details.

   Whenever you save DDD state, DDD also saves the distance between
command tool and source window, such that you can select your own
individual command tool placement.  To move the command tool to its
saved position, use `View => Command Tool'.

   These are the buttons of the command tool.  Note that not all buttons
may be inactive, depending on the current state and the capabilities of
the inferior debugger.

`Run'
     Start program execution.  When you click this button, your program
     will begin to execute immediately.  *Note Starting Program
     Execution::, for details.

`Interrupt'
     Interrupt program execution.  This is equivalent to sending an
     interrupt signal to the process.  *Note Interrupting::, for
     details.

`Step'
     Continue running your program until control reaches a different
     source line, then stop it and return control to DDD.  *Note
     Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Stepi'
     Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to DDD.
     *Note Machine Code Execution::, for details.

`Next'
     Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack
     frame.  This is similar to `Step', but function calls that appear
     within the line of code are executed without stopping.  *Note
     Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Nexti'
     Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call,
     proceed until the function returns.  *Note Machine Code
     Execution::, for details.

`Until'
     Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the
     current stack frame, is reached.  *Note Resuming Execution::, for
     details.

`Finish'
     Continue running until just after function in the selected stack
     frame returns.  Print the returned value (if any).  *Note Resuming
     Execution::, for details.

`Cont'
     Resume program execution, at the address where your program last
     stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed.  *Note
     Resuming Execution::, for details.

`Kill'
     Kill the process of the debugged program.  *Note Killing the
     Program::, for details.

`Up'
     Select the stack frame (i.e. the function) that called this one.
     This advances toward the outermost frame, to higher frame numbers,
     to frames that have existed longer.  *Note Stack::, for details.

`Down'
     Select the stack frame (i.e. the function) that was called by this
     one.  This advances toward the innermost frame, to lower frame
     numbers, to frames that were created more recently.  *Note
     Stack::, for details.

`Undo'
     Undo the most recent action.  Almost all commands can be undone
     this way.  *Note Undo and Redo::, for details.

`Redo'
     Redo the action most recently undone.  Every command undone can be
     redone this way.  *Note Undo and Redo::, for details.

`Edit'
     Invoke an editor for the current source file.  *Note Editing
     Source Code::, for details.

`Make'
     Run the `make' program with the most recently given arguments.
     *Note Recompiling::, for details.

* Menu:

* Customizing the Command Tool::
* Customizing Tool Position::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing the Command Tool,  Next: Customizing Tool Position,  Up: Command Tool

3.3.1 Customizing the Command Tool
----------------------------------

The Command Tool can be customized in various ways.

* Menu:

* Disabling the Command Tool::

   *Note Customizing Buttons::, for details on customizing the tool
buttons.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Disabling the Command Tool,  Up: Customizing the Command Tool

3.3.1.1 Disabling the Command Tool
..................................

You can disable the command tool and show its buttons in a separate row
beneath the tool bar.  To disable the command tool, set `Edit =>
Preferences => Source => Tool Buttons Location => Source Window'.

   Here's the related resource:

 -- Resource: commandToolBar (class ToolBar)
     Whether the tool buttons should be shown in a tool bar above the
     source window (`on') or within the command tool (`off', default).
     Enabling the command tool bar disables the command tool and vice
     versa.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Tool Position,  Prev: Customizing the Command Tool,  Up: Command Tool

3.3.2 Command Tool Position
---------------------------

The following resources control the position of the command tool (*note
Customizing::):

 -- Resource: autoRaiseTool (class AutoRaiseTool)
     If `on' (default), DDD will always keep the command tool on top of
     other DDD windows.  If this setting interferes with your window
     manager, or if your window manager keeps the command tool on top
     anyway, set this resource to `off'.

 -- Resource: stickyTool (class StickyTool)
     If `on' (default), the command tool automatically follows every
     movement of the source window.  Whenever the source window is
     moved, the command tool is moved by the same offset such that its
     position relative to the source window remains unchanged.  If
     `off', the command tool does not follow source window movements.

 -- Resource: toolRightOffset (class Offset)
     The distance between the right border of the command tool and the
     right border of the source text (in pixels).  Default is 8.

 -- Resource: toolTopOffset (class Offset)
     The distance between the upper border of the command tool and the
     upper border of the source text (in pixels).  Default is 8.

* Menu:

* Customizing Tool Decoration::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Tool Decoration,  Up: Customizing Tool Position

3.3.2.1 Customizing Tool Decoration
...................................

The following resources control the decoration of the command tool
(*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: decorateTool (class Decorate)
     This resource controls the decoration of the command tool.

        * If this is `off', the command tool is created as a _transient
          window_.  Several window managers keep transient windows
          automatically on top of their parents, which is appropriate
          for the command tool.  However, your window manager may be
          configured not to decorate transient windows, which means
          that you cannot easily move the command tool around.

        * If this is `on', DDD realizes the command tool as a
          _top-level window_.  Such windows are always decorated by the
          window manager.  However, top-level windows are not
          automatically kept on top of other windows, such that you may
          wish to set the `autoRaiseTool' resource, too.

        * If this is `auto' (default), DDD checks whether the window
          manager decorates transients.  If yes, the command tool is
          realized as a transient window (as in the `off' setting); if
          no, the command tool is realized as a top-level window (as in
          the `on' setting).  Hence, the command tool is always
          decorated using the "best" method, but the extra check takes
          some time.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Getting Help,  Next: Undo and Redo,  Prev: Command Tool,  Up: Windows

3.4 Getting Help
================

DDD has an extensive on-line help system.  Here's how to get help while
working with DDD.

   * You can get a short help text on most DDD buttons by simply moving
     the mouse pointer on it and leave it there.  After a second, a
     small window (called "button tip"; also known as "tool tip" or
     "balloon help") pops up, giving a hint on the button's meaning.
     The button tip disappears as soon as you move the mouse pointer to
     another item.

   * The "status line" also displays information about the currently
     selected item.  By clicking on the status line, you can redisplay
     the most recent messages.

   * You can get detailed help on any visible DDD item.  Just point on
     the item you want help and press the `F1' key.  This pops up a
     detailed help text.

   * The DDD dialogs all contain `Help' buttons that give detailed
     information about the dialog.

   * You can get help on debugger commands by entering `help' at the
     debugger prompt.  *Note Entering Commands::, for details on
     entering commands.

   * If you are totally stuck, try `Help => What Now?' (the `What Now?'
     item in the `Help' menu) or press <Ctrl+F1>.  Depending on the
     current state, DDD will give you some hints on what you can do
     next.

   * Of course, you can always refer to the _on-line documentation_:

        - `Help => DDD Reference' gives you access to the DDD manual,
          the ultimate DDD reference.

        - `Help => Debugger Reference' shows you the on-line
          documentation of the inferior debugger.

        - `Help => DDD WWW Page' gives you access to the latest and
          greatest information on DDD.  

   * Finally, the DDD "Tip Of The Day" gives you important hints with
     each new DDD invocation.  

   All these functions can be customized in various ways (*note
Customizing Help::).

   If, after all, you made a mistake, don't worry: almost every DDD
command can be undone.  *Note Undo and Redo::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Undo and Redo,  Next: Customizing,  Prev: Getting Help,  Up: Windows

3.5 Undoing and Redoing Commands
================================

Almost every DDD command can be undone, using `Edit => Undo' or the
`Undo' button on the command tool.

   Likewise, `Edit => Redo' repeats the command most recently undone.

   The `Edit' menu shows which commands are to be undone and redone
next; this is also indicated by the popup help on the `Undo' and `Redo'
buttons.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing,  Prev: Undo and Redo,  Up: Windows

3.6 Customizing DDD
===================

DDD is controlled by several _resources_--user-defined variables that
take specific values in order to control and customize DDD behavior.

   Most DDD resources can be set interactively while DDD is running or
when invoking DDD.  *Note Resource Index::, for the full list of DDD
resources.

   We first discuss how customizing works in general; then we turn to
customizing parts of DDD introduced so far.

* Menu:

* How Customizing Works::
* Customizing Help::
* Customizing Undo::
* Customizing Windows::
* Debugger Settings::

File: ddd.info,  Node: How Customizing Works,  Next: Customizing Help,  Up: Customizing

3.6.1 How Customizing DDD Works
-------------------------------

* Menu:

* Resources::
* Changing Resources::
* Saving Options::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Resources,  Next: Changing Resources,  Up: How Customizing Works

3.6.1.1 Resources
.................

Just like any X program, DDD has a number of places to get resource
values from.  For DDD, the most important places to specify resources
are:

   * The `~/.ddd/init' file (`~' stands for your home directory).  This
     file is read in by DDD upon start-up; the resources specified
     herein override all other sources (except for resources given
     implicitly by command-line options).

     If the environment variable `DDD_STATE' is set, its value is used
     instead of `~/.ddd/'.

   * The `Ddd' application-defaults file.  This file is typically
     compiled into the DDD executable.  If it exists, its resource
     values override the values compiled into DDD.  If the versions of
     the `Ddd' application-defaults file and the DDD executable do not
     match, DDD may not function properly; DDD will give you a warning
     in this case.(1)

   * The command-line options.  These options override all other
     resource settings.

   * If the environment variable `DDD_SESSION' is set, it indicates the
     name of a session to start, overriding all options and resources.
     This is used by DDD when restarting itself.

   Not every resource has a matching command-line option.  Each resource
(whether in `~/.ddd/init' or `Ddd') is specified using a line

     Ddd*RESOURCE: VALUE

   For instance, to set the `pollChildStatus' resource to `off', you
would specify in `~/.ddd/init':

     Ddd*pollChildStatus: off

   For more details on the syntax of resource specifications, see the
section `RESOURCES' in the `X(1)' manual page.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) If you use a `Ddd' application-defaults file, you will not be
able to maintain multiple DDD versions at the same time.  This is why
the suiting `Ddd' is normally compiled into the DDD executable.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Changing Resources,  Next: Saving Options,  Prev: Resources,  Up: How Customizing Works

3.6.1.2 Changing Resources
..........................

You can change DDD resources by three methods:

   * Use DDD to change the options, notably `Edit => Preferences'.
     This works for the most important DDD resources.  Be sure to save
     the options (*note Saving Options::) such that they apply to
     future DDD sessions, too.

   * You can also invoke DDD with an appropriate command-line option.
     This changes the related DDD resource for this particular DDD
     invocation.  However, if you save the options (*note Saving
     Options::), the changed resource will also apply to future
     invocations.

   * Finally, you can set the appropriate resource in a file named
     `.ddd/init' in your home directory.  *Note Resource Index::, for a
     list of DDD resources to be set.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Saving Options,  Prev: Changing Resources,  Up: How Customizing Works

3.6.1.3 Saving Options
......................

You can save the current option settings by setting `Edit => Save
Options'.  Options are saved in a file named `.ddd/init' in your home
directory when DDD exits.  If a session SESSION is active, options will
be saved in `~/.ddd/sessions/SESSION/init' instead.

   The options are automatically saved when exiting DDD.  You can turn
off this feature by unsetting `Edit => Save Options'.  This is tied to
the following resource:

 -- Resource: saveOptionsOnExit (class SaveOnExit)
     If `on' (default), the current option settings are automatically
     saved when DDD exits.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Help,  Next: Customizing Undo,  Prev: How Customizing Works,  Up: Customizing

3.6.2 Customizing DDD Help
--------------------------

DDD Help can be customized in various ways.

* Menu:

* Button tips::                 Turning off tips.
* Tip of the day::              Turning off the tip of the day.
* Help Helpers::                Helper programs invoked by Help.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Button tips,  Next: Tip of the day,  Up: Customizing Help

3.6.2.1 Button Tips
...................

Button tips are helpful for novices, but may be distracting for
experienced users.  You can turn off button tips via `Edit =>
Preferences => General => Automatic display of Button Hints => as Popup
Tips'.

   You can also turn off the hint that is displayed in the status line.
Just toggle `Edit => Preferences => General => Automatic Display of
Button Hints => in the Status Line'.

   These are the related DDD resources (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: buttonTips (class Tips)
     If `on' (default), enable button tips.

 -- Resource: buttonDocs (class Docs)
     If `on' (default), show button hints in the status line.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Tip of the day,  Next: Help Helpers,  Prev: Button tips,  Up: Customizing Help

3.6.2.2 Tip of the day
......................

You can turn off the tip of the day by toggling `Edit => Preferences =>
Startup => Startup Windows => Tip of the Day'.

   Here is the related DDD resource (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: startupTips (class StartupTips)
     If `on' (default), show a tip of the day upon DDD startup.

   *Note Options::, for options to set this resource upon DDD
invocation.

   The actual tips are controlled by these resources (*note
Customizing::):

 -- Resource: startupTipCount (class StartupTipCount)
     The number N of the tip of the day to be shown at startup.  See
     also the `tipN' resources.

 -- Resource: tipN (class Tip)
     The tip of the day numbered N (a string).

File: ddd.info,  Node: Help Helpers,  Prev: Tip of the day,  Up: Customizing Help

3.6.2.3 Help Helpers
....................

DDD relies on a number of external commands, specified via `Edit =>
Preferences => Helpers'.

   To uncompress help texts, you can define a `Uncompress' command:

 -- Resource: uncompressCommand (class UncompressCommand)
     The command to uncompress the built-in DDD manual, the DDD
     license, and the DDD news.  Takes a compressed text from standard
     input and writes the uncompressed text to standard output.  The
     default value is `gzip -d -c'; typical values include `zcat' and
     `gunzip -c'.

   To view WWW pages, you can define a `Web Browser' command:

 -- Resource: wwwCommand (class WWWCommand)
     The command to invoke a WWW browser.  The string `@URL@' is
     replaced by the URL to open.  Default is to try a running Netscape
     first (trying `mozilla', then `netscape'), then `$WWWBROWSER',
     then to invoke a new Netscape process, then to let a running Emacs
     or XEmacs do the job (via `gnudoit'), then to invoke Firefox, then
     to invoke Lynx in an xterm.

     To specify `netscape-6.0' as browser, use the setting:

          Ddd*wwwCommand: \
               netscape-6.0 -remote 'openURL(@URL@)' \
            || netscape-6.0 '@URL@'

     This command first tries to connect to a running `netscape-6.0'
     browser; if this fails, it starts a new `netscape-6.0' process.

   This is the default WWW Page shown by `Help => DDD WWW Page':

 -- Resource: wwwPage (class WWWPage)
     The DDD WWW page.  Value: `http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/'

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Undo,  Next: Customizing Windows,  Prev: Customizing Help,  Up: Customizing

3.6.3 Customizing Undo
----------------------

DDD Undo can be customized in various ways.

   To set a maximum size for the undo buffer, set `Edit => Preferences
=> General => Undo Buffer Size'.

   This is related to the `maxUndoSize' resource:

 -- Resource: maxUndoSize (class MaxUndoSize)
     The maximum memory usage (in bytes) of the undo buffer.  Useful for
     limiting DDD memory usage.  A negative value means to place no
     limit.  Default is `2000000', or 2000 kBytes.

   You can also limit the number of entries in the undo buffer,
regardless of size (*note Customizing::):

 -- Resource: maxUndoDepth (class MaxUndoDepth)
     The maximum number of entries in the undo buffer.  This limits the
     number of actions that can be undone, and the number of states that
     can be shown in historic mode.  Useful for limiting DDD memory
     usage.  A negative value (default) means to place no limit.

   To clear the undo buffer at any time, thus reducing memory usage, use
`Edit => Preferences => General => Clear Undo Buffer'

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Windows,  Next: Debugger Settings,  Prev: Customizing Undo,  Up: Customizing

3.6.4 Customizing the DDD Windows
---------------------------------

You can customize the DDD Windows in various ways.

* Menu:

* Splash Screen::               Turning off the splash screen.
* Window Layout::               Re-arranging windows.
* Customizing Fonts::           Using alternate fonts.
* Toggling Windows::            Turning off windows.
* Text Fields::                 Popdown histories.
* Icons::                       Iconifying DDD windows.
* Adding Buttons::              Create your own button set.
* More Customizations::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Splash Screen,  Next: Window Layout,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.1 Splash Screen
.....................

You can turn off the DDD splash screen shown upon startup.  Just select
`Edit => Preferences => Startup DDD Splash Screen'.

   The value applies only to the next DDD invocation.

   This setting is related to the following resource:

 -- Resource: splashScreen (class SplashScreen)
     If `on' (default), show a DDD splash screen upon start-up.

   You can also customize the appearance of the splash screen (*note
Customizing::):

 -- Resource: splashScreenColorKey (class ColorKey)
     The color key to use for the DDD splash screen.  Possible values
     include:

        * `c' (default) for a color visual,

        * `g' for a multi-level greyscale visual,

        * `g4' for a 4-level greyscale visual, and

        * `m' for a dithered monochrome visual.

        * `best' chooses the best visual available for your display.

     Please note: if DDD runs on a monochrome display, or if DDD was
     compiled without the XPM library, only the monochrome version
     (`m') can be shown.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Window Layout,  Next: Customizing Fonts,  Prev: Splash Screen,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.2 Window Layout
.....................

By default, DDD stacks commands, source, and data in one single
top-level window.  To have separate top-level windows for source, data,
and debugger console, set `Edit => Preferences => Startup => Window
Layout => Separate Windows'.

   Here are the related DDD resources:

 -- Resource: separateDataWindow (class Separate)
     If `on', the data window and the debugger console are realized in
     different top-level windows.  If `off' (default), the data window
     is attached to the debugger console.

 -- Resource: separateSourceWindow (class Separate)
     If `on', the source window and the debugger console are realized in
     different top-level windows.  If `off' (default), the source window
     is attached to the debugger console.

   By default, the DDD tool bars are located on top of the window.  If
you prefer the tool bar being located at the bottom, as in DDD 2.x and
earlier, set `Edit => Preferences => Startup => Tool Bar Appearance =>
Bottom'.

   This is related to the `toolbarsAtBottom' resource:

 -- Resource: toolbarsAtBottom (class ToolbarsAtBottom)
     Whether source and data tool bars should be placed above source and
     data, respectively (`off', default), or below, as in DDD 2.x
     (`on').

   The bottom setting is only supported for separate tool bars--that is,
you must either choose separate windows or configure the tool bar to
have neither images nor captions (*note Customizing the Tool Bar::).

   If you use stacked windows, you can choose whether there should be
one tool bar or two tool bars.  By default, DDD uses two tool bars if
you use separate windows and disable captions and images, but you can
also explicitly change the setting via this resource:

 -- Resource: commonToolBar (class ToolBar)
     Whether the tool bar buttons should be shown in one common tool
     bar at the top of the common DDD window (`on', default), or
     whether they should be placed in two separate tool bars, one for
     data, and one for source operations, as in DDD 2.x (`off').

   You can also change the location of the _status line_ (*note
Customizing::):

 -- Resource: statusAtBottom (class StatusAtBottom)
     If `on' (default), the status line is placed at the bottom of the
     DDD source window.  If `off', the status line is placed at the top
     of the DDD source window (as in DDD 1.x).

   *Note Options::, for options to set these resources upon DDD
invocation.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Fonts,  Next: Toggling Windows,  Prev: Window Layout,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.3 Customizing Fonts
.........................

You can configure the basic DDD fonts at run-time.  Each font is
specified using two members:

   * The "font family" is an X font specifications, where the initial
     `FOUNDRY-' specification may be omitted, as well as any
     specification after FAMILY.  Thus, a pair `FAMILY-WEIGHT' usually
     suffices.

   * The "font size" is given as (resolution-independent) 1/10 points.

   To specify fonts, select `Edit => Preferences => Fonts'.

   The `Browse' button opens a font selection program, where you can
select fonts and attributes interactively.  Clicking `quit' or `select'
in the font selector causes all non-default values to be transferred to
the DDD font preferences panel.

   The following fonts can be set using the preferences panel:

`Default Font'
     The default DDD font to use for labels, menus, and buttons.
     Default is `helvetica-bold'.

`Variable Width'
     The variable width DDD font to use for help texts and messages.
     Default is `helvetica-medium'.

`Fixed Width'
     The fixed width DDD font to use for source code, the debugger
     console, text fields, and the execution window.  Default is
     `lucidatypewriter-medium'.

`Data'
     The DDD font to use for data displays.  Default is
     `lucidatypewriter-medium'.

   Changes in this panel will take effect only in the next DDD session.
To make it effective right now, restart DDD (using `File => Restart
DDD').

   After having made changes in the panel, DDD will automatically offer
you to restart itself, such that you can see the changes taking effect.

   The `Reset' button restores the most recently saved preferences.

   Here are the resources related to font specifications:

 -- Resource: defaultFont (class Font)
     The default DDD font to use for labels, menus, buttons, etc.  The
     font is specified as an X font spec, where the initial FOUNDRY
     specification may be omitted, as well as any specification after
     FAMILY.

     Default value is `helvetica-bold'.

     To set the default DDD font to, say, `helvetica medium', insert a
     line

          Ddd*defaultFont: helvetica-medium

     in your `~/.ddd/init' file.

 -- Resource: defaultFontSize (class FontSize)
     The size of the default DDD font, in 1/10 points.  This resource
     overrides any font size specification in the `defaultFont' resource
     (see above).  The default value is `120' for a 12.0 point font.

 -- Resource: variableWidthFont (class Font)
     The variable width DDD font to use for help texts and messages.
     The font is specified as an X font spec, where the initial FOUNDRY
     specification may be omitted, as well as any specification after
     FAMILY.

     Default value is `helvetica-medium-r'.

     To set the variable width DDD font family to, say, `times', insert
     a line

          Ddd*fixedWidthFont: times-medium

     in your `~/.ddd/init' file.

 -- Resource: variableWidthFontSize (class FontSize)
     The size of the variable width DDD font, in 1/10 points.  This
     resource overrides any font size specification in the
     `variableWidthFont' resource (see above).  The default value is
     `120' for a 12.0 point font.

 -- Resource: fixedWidthFont (class Font)
     The fixed width DDD font to use for source code, the debugger
     console, text fields, and the execution window.  The font is
     specified as an X font spec, where the initial FOUNDRY
     specification may be omitted, as well as any specification after
     FAMILY.

     Default value is `lucidatypewriter-medium'.

     To set the fixed width DDD font family to, say, `courier', insert
     a line

          Ddd*fixedWidthFont: courier-medium

     in your `~/.ddd/init' file.

 -- Resource: fixedWidthFontSize (class FontSize)
     The size of the fixed width DDD font, in 1/10 points.  This
     resource overrides any font size specification in the
     `fixedWidthFont' resource (see above).  The default value is `120'
     for a 12.0 point font.

 -- Resource: dataFont (class Font)
     The fixed width DDD font to use data displays.  The font is
     specified as an X font spec, where the initial FOUNDRY
     specification may be omitted, as well as any specification after
     FAMILY.

     Default value is `lucidatypewriter-medium'.

     To set the DDD data font family to, say, `courier', insert a line

          Ddd*dataFont: courier-medium

     in your `~/.ddd/init' file.

 -- Resource: dataFontSize (class FontSize)
     The size of the DDD data font, in 1/10 points.  This resource
     overrides any font size specification in the `dataFont' resource
     (see above).  The default value is `120' for a 12.0 point font.

   As all font size resources have the same class (and by default the
same value), you can easily change the default DDD font size to, say,
9.0 points by inserting a line

     Ddd*FontSize: 90

in your `~/.ddd/init' file.

   Here's how to specify the command to select fonts:

 -- Resource: fontSelectCommand (class FontSelectCommand)
     A command to select from a list of fonts.  The string `@FONT@' is
     replaced by the current DDD default font; the string `@TYPE@' is
     replaced by a symbolic name of the DDD font to edit.  The program
     must either place the name of the selected font in the `PRIMARY'
     selection or print the selected font on standard output.  A
     typical value is:
          Ddd*fontSelectCommand: xfontsel -print
     
   *Note Options::, for options to set these resources upon DDD
invocation.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Toggling Windows,  Next: Text Fields,  Prev: Customizing Fonts,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.4 Toggling Windows
........................

In the default stacked window setting, you can turn the individual DDD
windows on and off by toggling the respective items in the `View' menu
(*note View Menu::).  When using separate windows (*note Window
Layout::), you can close the individual windows via `File => Close' or
by closing them via your window manager.

   Whether windows are opened or closed when starting DDD is controlled
by the following resources, immediately tied to the `View' menu items:

 -- Resource: openDataWindow (class Window)
     If `off' (default), the data window is closed upon start-up.

 -- Resource: openDebuggerConsole (class Window)
     If `off', the debugger console is closed upon start-up.

 -- Resource: openSourceWindow (class Window)
     If `off', the source window is closed upon start-up.

   *Note Options::, for options to set these resources upon DDD
invocation.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Text Fields,  Next: Icons,  Prev: Toggling Windows,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.5 Text Fields
...................

The DDD text fields can be customized using the following resources:

 -- Resource: popdownHistorySize (class HistorySize)
     The maximum number of items to display in pop-down value
     histories.  A value of `0' (default) means an unlimited number of
     values.

 -- Resource: sortPopdownHistory (class SortPopdownHistory)
     If `on' (default), items in the pop-down value histories are sorted
     alphabetically.  If `off', most recently used values will appear at
     the top.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Icons,  Next: Adding Buttons,  Prev: Text Fields,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.6 Icons
.............

If you frequently switch between DDD and other multi-window
applications, you may like to set `Edit => Preferences => General =>
Iconify all windows at once'.  This way, all DDD windows are iconified
and deiconified as a group.

   This is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: groupIconify (class GroupIconify)
     If this is `on', (un)iconifying any DDD window causes all other
     DDD windows to (un)iconify as well.  Default is `off', meaning
     that each DDD window can be iconified on its own.

   If you want to keep DDD off your desktop during a longer
computation, you may like to set `Edit => Preferences => General =>
Uniconify when ready'.  This way, you can iconify DDD while it is busy
on a command (e.g. running a program); DDD will automatically pop up
again after becoming ready (e.g. after the debugged program has stopped
at a breakpoint).  *Note Program Stop::, for a discussion.

   Here is the related resource:

 -- Resource: uniconifyWhenReady (class UniconifyWhenReady)
     If this is `on' (default), the DDD windows are uniconified
     automatically whenever GDB becomes ready.  This way, you can
     iconify DDD during some longer operation and have it uniconify
     itself as soon as the program stops.  Setting this to `off' leaves
     the DDD windows iconified.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Adding Buttons,  Next: More Customizations,  Prev: Icons,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.7 Adding Buttons
......................

You can extend DDD with new buttons.  *Note Defining Buttons::, for
details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: More Customizations,  Prev: Adding Buttons,  Up: Customizing Windows

3.6.4.8 More Customizations
...........................

You can change just about any label, color, keyboard mapping, etc.  by
changing resources from the `Ddd' application defaults file which comes
with the DDD source distribution.  Here's how it works:

   * Identify the appropriate resource in the `Ddd' file.

   * Copy the resource line to your `~/.ddd/init' file and change it at
     will.

   *Note Application Defaults::, for details on the application-defaults
file.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Debugger Settings,  Prev: Customizing Windows,  Up: Customizing

3.6.5 Debugger Settings
-----------------------

For most inferior debuggers, you can change their internal settings
using `Edit => Settings'.  Using the settings editor, you can determine
whether C++ names are to be demangled, how many array elements are to
print, and so on.

   The capabilities of the settings editor depend on the capabilities of
your inferior debugger.  Clicking on `?' gives an an explanation on the
specific item; the GDB documentation gives more details.

   Use `Edit => Undo' to undo changes.  Clicking on `Reset' restores
the most recently saved settings.

   Some debugger settings are insensitive and cannot be changed, because
doing so would endanger DDD operation.  See the `gdbInitCommands' and
`dbxInitCommands' resources for details.

   All debugger settings (except source and object paths) are saved with
DDD options.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Navigating,  Next: Stopping,  Prev: Windows,  Up: Top

4 Navigating through the Code
*****************************

This chapter discusses how to access code from within DDD.

* Menu:

* Compiling for Debugging::     Always use `-g' to compile.
* Opening Files::               How to open a program for debugging.
* Looking up Items::            Searching files and functions.
* Customizing Source::          Arranging the source window.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Compiling for Debugging,  Next: Opening Files,  Up: Navigating

4.1 Compiling for Debugging
===========================

In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate debugging
information when you compile it.  This debugging information is stored
in the object file; it describes the data type of each variable or
function and the correspondence between source line numbers and
addresses in the executable code.(1)

   To request debugging information, specify the `-g' option when you
run the compiler.

   Many C compilers are unable to handle the `-g' and `-O' options
together.  Using those compilers, you cannot generate optimized
executables containing debugging information.

   GCC, the GNU C compiler, supports `-g' with or without `-O', making
it possible to debug optimized code.  We recommend that you _always_
use `-g' whenever you compile a program.  You may think your program is
correct, but there is no sense in pushing your luck.

   When you debug a program compiled with `-g -O', remember that the
optimizer is rearranging your code; the debugger shows you what is
really there.  Do not be too surprised when the execution path does not
exactly match your source file!  An extreme example: if you define a
variable, but never use it, DDD never sees that variable--because the
compiler optimizes it out of existence.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) If you use DDD to debug Perl, Python or Bash scripts, then this
section does not apply.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Opening Files,  Next: Looking up Items,  Prev: Compiling for Debugging,  Up: Navigating

4.2 Opening Files
=================

If you did not invoke DDD specifying a program to be debugged, you can
use the `File' menu to open programs, core dumps and sources.

* Menu:

* Opening Programs::            How to open a program for debugging.
* Opening Core Dumps::          Analyze a previous crash.
* Opening Source Files::        Open a source file of the program.
* Filtering Files::             DDD only lists matching files.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Opening Programs,  Next: Opening Core Dumps,  Up: Opening Files

4.2.1 Opening Programs
----------------------

To open a program to be debugged, select `File => Open Program'.(1)
Click on `Open' to open the program

   In JDB, select `File => Open Class' instead.  This gives you a list
of available classes to choose from.

   To re-open a recently debugged program or class, select `File =>
Open Recent' and choose a program or class from the list.

   If no sources are found, *Note Source Path::, for specifying source
directories.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) With XDB and some DBX variants, the debugged program must be
specified upon invocation and cannot be changed at run time.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Opening Core Dumps,  Next: Opening Source Files,  Prev: Opening Programs,  Up: Opening Files

4.2.2 Opening Core Dumps
------------------------

If a previous run of the program has crashed and you want to find out
why, you can have DDD examine its "core dump".(1)

   To open a core dump for the program, select `File => Open Core
Dump'.  Click on `Open' to open the core dump.

   Before `Open Core Dump', you should first use `File => Open Program'
to specify the program that generated the core dump and to load its
symbol table.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB, `pydb', Perl, and Bash do not support core dumps.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Opening Source Files,  Next: Filtering Files,  Prev: Opening Core Dumps,  Up: Opening Files

4.2.3 Opening Source Files
--------------------------

To open a source file of the debugged program, select `File => Open
Source'.

   * Using GDB, this gives you a list of the sources used for compiling
     your program.

   * Using other inferior debuggers, this gives you a list of accessible
     source files, which may or may not be related to your program.

   Click on `Open' to open the source file.  *Note Source Path::, if no
sources are found.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Filtering Files,  Prev: Opening Source Files,  Up: Opening Files

4.2.4 Filtering Files
---------------------

When presenting files to be opened, DDD by default filters files when
opening execution files, core dumps, or source files, such that the
selection shows only suitable files.  This requires that DDD opens each
file, which may take time.  *Note Customizing File Filtering::, if you
want to turn off this feature.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Looking up Items,  Next: Customizing Source,  Prev: Opening Files,  Up: Navigating

4.3 Looking up Items
====================

As soon as the source of the debugged program is available, the _source
window_ displays its current source text.  (*note Source Path::, if a
source text cannot be found.)

   In the source window, you can lookup and examine function and
variable definitions as well as search for arbitrary occurrences in the
source text.

* Menu:

* Looking up Definitions::      Jump towards a specific item.
* Textual Search::              Search within the current source.
* Looking up Previous Locations::  Navigate back and forth.
* Source Path::                 Make DDD know where to search.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Looking up Definitions,  Next: Textual Search,  Up: Looking up Items

4.3.1 Looking up Definitions
----------------------------

If you wish to lookup a specific function or variable definition whose
name is visible in the source text, click with _mouse button 1_ on the
function or variable name.  The name is copied to the argument field.
Change the name if desired and click on the `Lookup' button to find its
definition.

   As a faster alternative, you can simply press _mouse button 3_ on the
function name and select the `Lookup' item from the source popup menu.

   As an even faster alternative, you can also double-click on a
function call (an identifier followed by a `(' character) to lookup the
function definition.

   If a source file is not found, *Note Source Path::, for specifying
source directories.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Textual Search,  Next: Looking up Previous Locations,  Prev: Looking up Definitions,  Up: Looking up Items

4.3.2 Textual Search
--------------------

If the item you wish to search is visible in the source text, click with
_mouse button 1_ on it.  The identifier is copied to the argument
field.  Click on the `Find >>' button to find following occurrences and
on `Find >> => Find << ()' to find previous occurrences.

   By default, DDD finds only complete words.  To search for arbitrary
substrings, change the value of the `Source => Find Words Only' option.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Looking up Previous Locations,  Next: Source Path,  Prev: Textual Search,  Up: Looking up Items

4.3.3 Looking up Previous Locations
-----------------------------------

After looking up a location, use `Edit => Undo' (or the `Undo' button
on the command tool) to go back to the original locations.  `Edit =>
Redo' brings you back again to the location you looked for.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Source Path,  Prev: Looking up Previous Locations,  Up: Looking up Items

4.3.4 Specifying Source Directories
-----------------------------------

Executable programs sometimes do not record the directories of the
source files from which they were compiled, just the names.  Even when
they do, the directories could be moved between the compilation and your
debugging session.

   Here's how GDB accesses source files; other inferior debuggers have
similar methods.

   GDB has a list of directories to search for source files; this is
called the "source path".  Each time GDB wants a source file, it tries
all the directories in the list, in the order they are present in the
list, until it finds a file with the desired name.  Note that the
executable search path is _not_ used for this purpose.  Neither is the
current working directory, unless it happens to be in the source path.

   If GDB cannot find a source file in the source path, and the object
program records a directory, GDB tries that directory too.  If the
source path is empty, and there is no record of the compilation
directory, GDB looks in the current directory as a last resort.

   To specify a source path for your inferior debugger, use `Edit =>
Debugger Settings' (*note Debugger Settings:: and search for
appropriate entries (in GDB, this is `Search path for source files').

   If `Debugger Settings' has no suitable entry, you can also specify a
source path for the inferior debugger when invoking DDD.  *Note
Inferior Debugger Options::, for details.

   When using JDB, you can set the `CLASSPATH' environment variable to
specify directories where JDB (and DDD) should search for classes.

   If DDD does not find a source file for any reason, check the
following issues:

   * In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate
     debugging information when you compile it.  Without debugging
     information, the inferior debugger will be unable to locate the
     source code. To request debugging information, specify the `-g'
     option when you run the compiler.  *Note Compiling for
     Debugging::, for details.

   * You may need to tell your inferior debugger where the source code
     files are.  *Note Source Path::, for details.

     Using GDB, you can also create a local `.gdbinit' file that
     contains a line `directory PATH'.  Here, PATH is a colon-separated
     list of source paths.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Source,  Prev: Looking up Items,  Up: Navigating

4.4 Customizing the Source Window
=================================

The source window can be customized in a number of ways, most of them
accessed via `Edit => Preferences => Source'.

* Menu:

* Customizing Glyphs::
* Customizing Searching::
* Customizing Source Appearance::
* Customizing Source Scrolling::
* Customizing Source Lookup::
* Customizing File Filtering::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Glyphs,  Next: Customizing Searching,  Up: Customizing Source

4.4.1 Customizing Glyphs
------------------------

In the source text, the current execution position and breakpoints are
indicated by symbols ("glyphs").  As an alternative, DDD can also
indicate these positions using text characters.  If you wish to disable
glyphs, set `Edit => Preferences => Source => Show Position and
Breakpoints => as Text Characters' option.  This also makes DDD run
slightly faster, especially when scrolling.

   This setting is tied to this resource:

 -- Resource: displayGlyphs (class DisplayGlyphs)
     If this is `on', the current execution position and breakpoints are
     displayed as glyphs; otherwise, they are shown through characters
     in the text.  The default is `on'.  *Note Options::, for the
     `--glyphs' and `--no-glyphs' options.

   You can further control glyphs using the following resources:

 -- Resource: cacheGlyphImages (class CacheMachineCode)
     Whether to cache (share) glyph images (`on') or not (`off').
     Caching glyph images requires less X resources, but has been
     reported to fail with OSF/Motif 2.1 on XFree86 servers.  Default
     is `off' for OSF/Motif 2.1 or later on GNU/Linux machines, and `on'
     otherwise.

 -- Resource: glyphUpdateDelay (class GlyphUpdateDelay)
     A delay (in ms) that says how much time to wait before updating
     glyphs while scrolling the source text.  A small value results in
     glyphs being scrolled with the text, a large value disables glyphs
     while scrolling and makes scrolling faster.  Default: `10'.

 -- Resource: maxGlyphs (class MaxGlyphs)
     The maximum number of glyphs to be displayed (default: `10').
     Raising this value causes more glyphs to be allocated, possibly
     wasting resources that are never needed.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Searching,  Next: Customizing Source Appearance,  Prev: Customizing Glyphs,  Up: Customizing Source

4.4.2 Customizing Searching
---------------------------

Searching in the source text (*note Textual Search::) is controlled by
these resources, changed via the `Source' menu:

 -- Resource: findCaseSensitive (class FindCaseSensitive)
     If this is `on' (default), the `Find' commands are case-sensitive.
     Otherwise, occurrences are found regardless of case.

 -- Resource: findWordsOnly (class FindWordsOnly)
     If this is `on' (default), the `Find' commands find complete words
     only.  Otherwise, arbitrary occurrences are found.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Source Appearance,  Next: Customizing Source Scrolling,  Prev: Customizing Searching,  Up: Customizing Source

4.4.3 Customizing Source Appearance
-----------------------------------

You can have DDD show line numbers within the source window.  Use `Edit
=> Preferences => Source => Display Source Line Numbers'.

 -- Resource: displayLineNumbers (class DisplayLineNumbers)
     If this is `on', lines in the source text are prefixed with their
     respective line number.  The default is `off'.

   You can instruct DDD to indent the source code, leaving more room
for breakpoints and execution glyphs.  This is done using the `Edit =>
Preferences => Source => Source indentation' slider.  The default value
is `0' for no indentation at all.

 -- Resource: indentSource (class Indent)
     The number of columns to indent the source code, such that there is
     enough place to display breakpoint locations.  Default: `0'.

   By default, DDD uses a minimum indentation for script languages.

 -- Resource: indentScript (class Indent)
     The minimum indentation for script languages, such as Perl,
     Python, and Bash.  Default: `4'.

   The maximum width of line numbers is controlled by this resource.

 -- Resource: lineNumberWidth (class LineNumberWidth)
     The number of columns to use for line numbers (if displaying line
     numbers is enabled).  Line numbers wider than this value extend
     into the breakpoint space.  Default: `4'.

   If your source code uses a tab width different from `8' (the
default), you can set an alternate width using the `Edit => Preferences
=> Source => Tab width' slider.

 -- Resource: tabWidth (class TabWidth)
     The tab width used in the source window (default: `8')

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Source Scrolling,  Next: Customizing Source Lookup,  Prev: Customizing Source Appearance,  Up: Customizing Source

4.4.4 Customizing Source Scrolling
----------------------------------

These resources control when the source window is scrolled:

 -- Resource: linesAboveCursor (class LinesAboveCursor)
     The minimum number of lines to show before the current location.
     Default is `2'.

 -- Resource: linesBelowCursor (class LinesBelowCursor)
     The minimum number of lines to show after the current location.
     Default is `3'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Source Lookup,  Next: Customizing File Filtering,  Prev: Customizing Source Scrolling,  Up: Customizing Source

4.4.5 Customizing Source Lookup
-------------------------------

Some DBX and XDB variants do not properly handle paths in source file
specifications.  If you want the inferior debugger to refer to source
locations by source base names only, unset the `Edit => Preferences =>
Source => Refer to Program Sources by full path name' option.

   This is related to the following resource:

 -- Resource: useSourcePath (class UseSourcePath)
     If this is `off' (default), the inferior debugger refers to source
     code locations only by their base names.  If this is `on'
     (default), DDD uses the full source code paths.

   By default, DDD caches source files in memory.  This is convenient
for remote debugging, since remote file access may be slow.  If you
want to reduce memory usage, unset the `Edit => Preferences => Source
=> Cache source files' option.

   This is related to the following resource:

 -- Resource: cacheSourceFiles (class CacheSourceFiles)
     Whether to cache source files (`on', default) or not (`off').
     Caching source files requires more memory, but makes DDD run
     faster.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing File Filtering,  Prev: Customizing Source Lookup,  Up: Customizing Source

4.4.6 Customizing File Filtering
--------------------------------

You can control whether DDD should filter files to be opened.

 -- Resource: filterFiles (class FilterFiles)
     If this is `on' (default), DDD filters files when opening
     execution files, core dumps, or source files, such that the
     selection shows only suitable files.  This requires that DDD opens
     each file, which may take time.  If this is `off', DDD always
     presents all available files.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Stopping,  Next: Running,  Prev: Navigating,  Up: Top

5 Stopping the Program
**********************

The principal purposes of using a debugger are so that you can stop your
program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into
trouble, you can investigate and find out why.

   Inside DDD, your program may stop for any of several reasons, such
as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a DDD command
such as `Step'.  You may then examine and change variables, set new
breakpoints or remove old ones, and then continue execution.

   The inferior debuggers supported by DDD support two mechanisms for
stopping a program upon specific events:

   * A "breakpoint" makes your program stop whenever a certain point in
     the program is reached.  For each breakpoint, you can add
     conditions to control in finer detail whether your program stops.
     Typically, breakpoints are set before running the program.

   * A "watchpoint" is a special breakpoint that stops your program when
     the value of an expression changes.

* Menu:

* Breakpoints::                 Stop at a certain point.
* Watchpoints::                 Stop at a certain condition.
* Interrupting::                Stop manually.
* Stopping X Programs::         Take care of grabbed pointers!

File: ddd.info,  Node: Breakpoints,  Next: Watchpoints,  Up: Stopping

5.1 Breakpoints
===============

* Menu:

* Setting Breakpoints::
* Deleting Breakpoints::
* Disabling Breakpoints::
* Temporary Breakpoints::
* Editing Breakpoint Properties::
* Breakpoint Conditions::
* Breakpoint Ignore Counts::
* Breakpoint Commands::
* Moving and Copying Breakpoints::
* Looking up Breakpoints::
* Editing all Breakpoints::
* Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Setting Breakpoints,  Next: Deleting Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.1 Setting Breakpoints
-------------------------

You can set breakpoints by location or by name.

5.1.1.1 Setting Breakpoints by Location
.......................................

Breakpoints are set at a specific location in the program.

   If the source line is visible, click with _mouse button 1_ on the
left of the source line and then on the `Break' button.

   As a faster alternative, you can simply press _mouse button 3_ on
the left of the source line and select the `Set Breakpoint' item from
the line popup menu.

   As an even faster alternative, you can simply double-click on the
left of the source line to set a breakpoint.

   As yet another alternative, you can select `Source => Breakpoints'.
Click on the `Break' button and enter the location.

   (If you find this number of alternatives confusing, be aware that
DDD users fall into three categories, which must all be supported.
_Novice users_ explore DDD and may prefer to use one single mouse
button.  _Advanced users_ know how to use shortcuts and prefer popup
menus.  _Experienced users_ prefer the command line interface.)

   Breakpoints are indicated by a plain stop sign, or as `#N', where N
is the breakpoint number.  A greyed out stop sign (or `_N_') indicates
a disabled breakpoint.  A stop sign with a question mark (or `?N?')
indicates a conditional breakpoint or a breakpoint with an ignore count
set.

   If you set a breakpoint by mistake, use `Edit => Undo' to delete it
again.

5.1.1.2 Setting Breakpoints by Name
...................................

If the function name is visible, click with _mouse button 1_ on the
function name.  The function name is then copied to the argument field.
Click on the `Break' button to set a breakpoint there.

   As a shorter alternative, you can simply press _mouse button 3_ on
the function name and select the `Break at' item from the popup menu.

   As yet another alternative, you can click on `Break...' from the
Breakpoint editor (invoked through `Source => Breakpoints') and enter
the function name.

5.1.1.3 Setting Regexp Breakpoints
..................................

Using GDB, you can also set a breakpoint on all functions that match a
given string.  `Break => Set Breakpoints at Regexp ()' sets a
breakpoint on all functions whose name matches the _regular expression_
given in `()'.  Here are some examples:

   * To set a breakpoint on every function that starts with `Xm', set
     `()' to `^Xm'.

   * To set a breakpoint on every member of class `Date', set `()' to
     `^Date::'.

   * To set a breakpoint on every function whose name contains `_fun',
     set `()' to `_fun'.

   * To set a breakpoint on every function that ends in `_test', set
     `()' to `_test$'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Deleting Breakpoints,  Next: Disabling Breakpoints,  Prev: Setting Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.2 Deleting Breakpoints
--------------------------

To delete a visible breakpoint, click with _mouse button 1_ on the
breakpoint.  The breakpoint location is copied to the argument field.
Click on the `Clear' button to delete all breakpoints there.

   If the function name is visible, click with _mouse button 1_ on the
function name.  The function name is copied to the argument field.
Click on the `Clear' button to clear all breakpoints there.

   As a faster alternative, you can simply press _mouse button 3_ on
the breakpoint and select the `Delete Breakpoint' item from the popup
menu.

   As yet another alternative, you can select the breakpoint and click
on `Delete' in the Breakpoint editor (invoked through `Source =>
Breakpoints').

   As an even faster alternative, you can simply double-click on the
breakpoint while holding <Ctrl>.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Disabling Breakpoints,  Next: Temporary Breakpoints,  Prev: Deleting Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.3 Disabling Breakpoints
---------------------------

Rather than deleting a breakpoint or watchpoint, you might prefer to
"disable" it.  This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if it had been
deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so that you
can "enable" it again later.(1)

   To disable a breakpoint, press _mouse button 3_ on the breakpoint
symbol and select the `Disable Breakpoint' item from the breakpoint
popup menu.  To enable it again, select `Enable Breakpoint'.

   As an alternative, you can select the breakpoint and click on
`Disable' or `Enable' in the Breakpoint editor (invoked through `Source
=> Breakpoints'.

   Disabled breakpoints are indicated by a grey stop sign, or `_N_',
where N is the breakpoint number.

   The `Disable Breakpoint' item is also accessible via the `Clear'
button.  Just press and hold _mouse button 1_ on the button to get a
popup menu.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB does not support breakpoint disabling.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Temporary Breakpoints,  Next: Editing Breakpoint Properties,  Prev: Disabling Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.4 Temporary Breakpoints
---------------------------

A "temporary breakpoint" is immediately deleted as soon as it is
reached.(1)

   To set a temporary breakpoint, press _mouse button 3_ on the left of
the source line and select the `Set Temporary Breakpoint' item from the
popup menu.

   As a faster alternative, you can simply double-click on the left of
the source line while holding <Ctrl>.

   Temporary breakpoints are convenient to make the program continue up
to a specific location: just set the temporary breakpoint at this
location and continue execution.

   The `Continue Until Here' item from the popup menu sets a temporary
breakpoint on the left of the source line and immediately continues
execution.  Execution stops when the temporary breakpoint is reached.

   The `Set Temporary Breakpoint' and `Continue Until Here' items are
also accessible via the `Break' button.  Just press and hold _mouse
button 1_ on the button to get a popup menu.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB does not support temporary breakpoints.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing Breakpoint Properties,  Next: Breakpoint Conditions,  Prev: Temporary Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.5 Editing Breakpoint Properties
-----------------------------------

You can change all properties of a breakpoint by pressing _mouse button
3_ on the breakpoint symbol and select `Properties' from the breakpoint
popup menu.  This will pop up a dialog showing the current properties
of the selected breakpoint.

   As an even faster alternative, you can simply double-click on the
breakpoint.

   * Click on `Lookup' to move the cursor to the breakpoint's location.  

   * Click on `Enable' to enable the breakpoint.  

   * Click on `Disable' to disable the breakpoint.  

   * Click on `Temp' to make the breakpoint temporary.(1) 

   * Click on `Delete' to delete the breakpoint.  

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) GDB has no way to make a temporary breakpoint non-temporary
again.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Breakpoint Conditions,  Next: Breakpoint Ignore Counts,  Prev: Editing Breakpoint Properties,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.6 Breakpoint Conditions
---------------------------

The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a
specified place.  You can also specify a "condition" for a breakpoint.
A condition is just a Boolean expression in your programming language.
A breakpoint with a condition evaluates the expression each time your
program reaches it, and your program stops only if the condition is
_true_.

   This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in
that situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated-that is,
when the condition is false.  In C, if you want to test an assertion
expressed by the condition ASSERTION, you should set the condition
`!ASSERTION' on the appropriate breakpoint.

   Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions
in your program.  This can be useful, for example, to activate functions
that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to format
special data structures. The effects are completely predictable unless
there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address.  (In that case,
DDD might see the other breakpoint first and stop your program without
checking the condition of this one.)

   Note that breakpoint commands are usually more convenient and
flexible for the purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint
is reached.  *Note Breakpoint Commands::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Breakpoint Ignore Counts,  Next: Breakpoint Commands,  Prev: Breakpoint Conditions,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.7 Breakpoint Ignore Counts
------------------------------

A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the
breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times.  This is so
useful that there is a special way to do it, using the "ignore count"
of the breakpoint.  Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which is an
integer.  Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and therefore has
no effect.  But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose ignore count
is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements the ignore
count by one and continues.  As a result, if the ignore count value is
N, the breakpoint does not stop the next N times your program reaches
it.

   In the field `Ignore Count' of the `Breakpoint Properties' panel,
you can specify the breakpoint ignore count.(1)

   If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the
condition is not checked.  Once the ignore count reaches zero, DDD
resumes checking the condition.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB, Perl and some DBX variants do not support breakpoint ignore
counts.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Breakpoint Commands,  Next: Moving and Copying Breakpoints,  Prev: Breakpoint Ignore Counts,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.8 Breakpoint Commands
-------------------------

You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint) a series of DDD commands to
execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint.  For example,
you might want to print the values of certain expressions, or enable
other breakpoints.(1)

   Using the `Commands' buttons of the `Breakpoint Properties' panel,
you can edit commands to be executed when the breakpoint is hit.

   To edit breakpoint commands, click on `Edit >>' and enter the
commands in the commands editor.  When done with editing, click on
`Edit <<' to close the commands editor.

   Using GDB, you can also "record" a command sequence to be executed.
To record a command sequence, follow these steps:

  1. Click on `Record' to begin the recording of the breakpoint
     commands.  

  2. Now interact with DDD.  While recording, DDD does not execute
     commands, but simply records them to be executed when the
     breakpoint is hit.  The recorded debugger commands are shown in the
     debugger console.

  3. To stop the recording, click on `End' or enter `end' at the GDB
     prompt.  To "cancel" the recording, click on `Interrupt' or press
     <ESC>.  

  4. You can edit the breakpoint commands just recorded using `Edit >>'.  

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB, `pydb', and some DBX variants do not support breakpoint
commands.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Moving and Copying Breakpoints,  Next: Looking up Breakpoints,  Prev: Breakpoint Commands,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.9 Moving and Copying Breakpoints
------------------------------------

To move a breakpoint to a different location, press _mouse button 1_ on
the stop sign and drag it to the desired location.(1)  This is
equivalent to deleting the breakpoint at the old location and setting a
breakpoint at the new location.  The new breakpoint inherits all
properties of the old breakpoint, except the breakpoint number.

   To copy a breakpoint to a new location, press <Shift> while dragging.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) When glyphs are disabled (*note Customizing Source::),
breakpoints cannot be dragged.  Delete and set breakpoints instead.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Looking up Breakpoints,  Next: Editing all Breakpoints,  Prev: Moving and Copying Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.10 Looking up Breakpoints
-----------------------------

If you wish to lookup a specific breakpoint, select `Source =>
Breakpoints => Lookup'.  After selecting a breakpoint from the list and
clicking the `Lookup' button, the breakpoint location is displayed.

   As an alternative, you can enter `#N' in the argument field, where N
is the breakpoint number, and click on the `Lookup' button to find its
definition.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing all Breakpoints,  Next: Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints,  Prev: Looking up Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.11 Editing all Breakpoints
------------------------------

To view and edit all breakpoints at once, select `Source =>
Breakpoints'.  This will popup the "Breakpoint Editor" which displays
the state of all breakpoints.

   In the breakpoint editor, you can select individual breakpoints by
clicking on them.  Pressing <Ctrl> while clicking toggles the
selection.  To edit the properties of all selected breakpoints, click on
`Props'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints,  Prev: Editing all Breakpoints,  Up: Breakpoints

5.1.12 Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints
------------------------------------

Using GDB, a few more commands related to breakpoints can be invoked
through the debugger console:

`hbreak POSITION'
     Sets a hardware-assisted breakpoint at POSITION.  This command
     requires hardware support and some target hardware may not have
     this support.  The main purpose of this is EPROM/ROM code
     debugging, so you can set a breakpoint at an instruction without
     changing the instruction.

`thbreak POS'
     Set a temporary hardware-assisted breakpoint at POS.

   *Note Setting breakpoints: (gdb)Setting breakpoints, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Watchpoints,  Next: Interrupting,  Prev: Breakpoints,  Up: Stopping

5.2 Watchpoints
===============

You can make the program stop as soon as some variable value changes, or
when some variable is read or written.  This is called "setting a
watchpoint on a variable".(1)

   Watchpoints have much in common with breakpoints: in particular, you
can enable and disable them.  You can also set conditions, ignore
counts, and commands to be executed when a watched variable changes its
value.

   Please note: on architectures without special watchpoint support,
watchpoints currently make the program execute two orders of magnitude
more slowly.  This is so because the inferior debugger must interrupt
the program after each machine instruction in order to examine whether
the watched value has changed.  However, this delay can be well worth it
to catch errors when you have no clue what part of your program is the
culprit.

* Menu:

* Setting Watchpoints::
* Editing Watchpoint Properties::
* Editing all Watchpoints::
* Deleting Watchpoints::

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Watchpoints are available in GDB and some DBX variants only.  In
XDB, a similar feature is available via XDB "assertions"; see the XDB
documentation for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Setting Watchpoints,  Next: Editing Watchpoint Properties,  Up: Watchpoints

5.2.1 Setting Watchpoints
-------------------------

If the variable name is visible, click with _mouse button 1_ on the
variable name.  The variable name is copied to the argument field.
Otherwise, enter the variable name in the argument field.  Click on the
`Watch' button to set a watchpoint there.

   Using GDB and JDB 1.2, you can set different types of watchpoints.
Click and hold _mouse button 1_ on the `Watch' button to get a menu.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing Watchpoint Properties,  Next: Editing all Watchpoints,  Prev: Setting Watchpoints,  Up: Watchpoints

5.2.2 Editing Watchpoint Properties
-----------------------------------

To change the properties of a watchpoint, enter the name of the watched
variable in the argument field.  Click and hold _mouse button 1_ on the
`Watch' button and select `Watchpoint Properties'.

   The Watchpoint Properties panel has the same functionality as the
Breakpoint Properties panel (*note Editing Breakpoint Properties::).  As
an additional feature, you can click on `Print' to see the current
value of a watched variable.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing all Watchpoints,  Next: Deleting Watchpoints,  Prev: Editing Watchpoint Properties,  Up: Watchpoints

5.2.3 Editing all Watchpoints
-----------------------------

To view and edit all watchpoints at once, select `Data => Watchpoints'.
This will popup the "Watchpoint Editor" which displays the state of all
watchpoints.

   The Watchpoint Editor has the same functionality as the Breakpoint
Editor (*note Editing all Breakpoints::).  As an additional feature, you
can click on `Print' to see the current value of a watched variable.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Deleting Watchpoints,  Prev: Editing all Watchpoints,  Up: Watchpoints

5.2.4 Deleting Watchpoints
--------------------------

To delete a watchpoint, enter the name of the watched variable in the
argument field and click the `Unwatch' button.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Interrupting,  Next: Stopping X Programs,  Prev: Watchpoints,  Up: Stopping

5.3 Interrupting
================

If the program is already running (*note Running::), you can interrupt
it any time by clicking the `Interrupt' button or typing <ESC> in a DDD
window.(1)  Using GDB, this is equivalent to sending a `SIGINT'
(Interrupt) signal.

   `Interrupt' and <ESC> also interrupt a running debugger command,
such as printing data.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) If <Ctrl+C> is not bound to `Copy' (*note Customizing the Edit
Menu::), you can also use <Ctrl+C> to interrupt the running program.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Stopping X Programs,  Prev: Interrupting,  Up: Stopping

5.4 Stopping X Programs
=======================

If your program is a modal X application, DDD may interrupt it while it
has grabbed the mouse pointer, making further interaction
impossible--your X display will be unresponsive to any user actions.

   By default, DDD will check after each interaction whether the
pointer is grabbed.  If the pointer is grabbed, DDD will continue the
debugged program such that you can continue to use your X display.

   This is how this feature works: When the program stops, DDD checks
for input events such as keyboard or mouse interaction.  If DDD does
not receive any event within the next 5 seconds, DDD checks whether the
mouse pointer is grabbed by attempting to grab and ungrab it.  If this
attempt fails, then DDD considers the pointer grabbed.

   Unfortunately, DDD cannot determine the program that grabbed the
pointer--it may be the debugged program, or another program.
Consequently, you have another 10 seconds to cancel continuation before
DDD continues the program automatically.

   There is one situation where this fails: if you lock your X display
while DDD is running, then DDD will consider a resulting pointer grab
as a result of running the program--and automatically continue
execution of the debugged program.  Consequently, you can turn off this
feature via `Edit => Preferences => General => Continue Automatically
when Mouse Pointer is Frozen'.

* Menu:

* Customizing Grab Checking::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Grab Checking,  Up: Stopping X Programs

5.4.1 Customizing Grab Checking
-------------------------------

The grab checks are controlled by the following resources:

 -- Resource: checkGrabs (class CheckGrabs)
     If this is `on' (default), DDD will check after each interaction
     whether the pointer is grabbed.  If this is so, DDD will
     automatically continue execution of debugged program.

 -- Resource: checkGrabDelay (class CheckGrabDelay)
     The time to wait (in ms) after a debugger command before checking
     for a grabbed pointer.  If DDD sees some pointer event within this
     delay, the pointer cannot be grabbed and an explicit check for a
     grabbed pointer is unnecessary.  Default is `5000', or 5 seconds.

 -- Resource: grabAction (class grabAction)
     The action to take after having detected a grabbed mouse pointer.
     This is a list of newline-separated commands.  Default is `cont',
     meaning to continue the debuggee.  Other possible choices include
     `kill' (killing the debuggee) or `quit' (exiting DDD).

 -- Resource: grabActionDelay (class grabActionDelay)
     The time to wait (in ms) before taking an action due to having
     detected a grabbed pointer.  During this delay, a working dialog
     pops up telling the user about imminent execution of the grab
     action (see the `grabAction' resource, above).  If the pointer
     grab is released within this delay, the working dialog pops down
     and no action is taken.  This is done to exclude pointer grabs
     from sources other than the debugged program (including DDD).
     Default is `10000', or 10 seconds.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Running,  Next: Examining Data,  Prev: Stopping,  Up: Top

6 Running the Program
*********************

You may start the debugged program with its arguments, if any, in an
environment of your choice.  You may redirect your program's input and
output, debug an already running process, or kill a child process.

* Menu:

* Starting Program Execution::
* Using the Execution Window::
* Attaching to a Process::
* Program Stop::
* Resuming Execution::
* Continuing Somewhere Else::
* Stack::
* Undoing Program Execution::
* Threads::
* Signals::
* Killing the Program::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Starting Program Execution,  Next: Using the Execution Window,  Up: Running

6.1 Starting Program Execution
==============================

To start execution of the debugged program, select `Program => Run'.
You will then be prompted for the arguments to pass to your program.
You can either select from a list of previously used arguments or enter
own arguments in the text field.  Afterwards, press the `Run' button to
start execution with the selected arguments.

   To run your program again, with the same arguments, select `Program
=> Run Again' or press the `Run' button on the command tool.  You may
also enter `run', followed by arguments at the debugger prompt instead.

   When you click on `Run', your program begins to execute immediately.
*Note Stopping::, for a discussion of how to arrange for your program
to stop.  Once your program has stopped, you may call functions in your
program to examine data.  *Note Examining Data::, for details.

   If the modification time of your symbol file has changed since the
last time GDB read its symbols, GDB discards its symbol table, and
reads it again.  When it does this, GDB and DDD try to retain your
current debugger state, such as breakpoints.

* Menu:

* Arguments::                   Your program's arguments.
* Environment::                 Your program's environment.
* Working Directory::           Your program's directory.
* Input/Output::                Your program's I/O.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Arguments,  Next: Environment,  Up: Starting Program Execution

6.1.1 Your Program's Arguments
------------------------------

The arguments to your program are specified by the arguments of the
`run' command, as composed in `Program => Run'.

   In GDB, the arguments are passed to a shell, which expands wildcard
characters and performs redirection of I/O, and thence to your program.
Your `SHELL' environment variable (if it exists) specifies what shell
GDB uses.  If you do not define `SHELL', GDB uses `/bin/sh'.

   If you use another inferior debugger, the exact semantics on how the
arguments are interpreted depend on the inferior debugger you are using.
Normally, the shell is used to pass the arguments, so that you may use
normal conventions (such as wildcard expansion or variable substitution)
in describing the arguments.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Environment,  Next: Working Directory,  Prev: Arguments,  Up: Starting Program Execution

6.1.2 Your Program's Environment
--------------------------------

Your program normally inherits its environment from the inferior
debugger, which again inherits it from DDD, which again inherits it
from its parent process (typically the shell or desktop).

   In GDB, you can use the commands `set environment' and `unset
environment' to change parts of the environment that affect your
program.  *Note Your program's environment: (gdb)Your program's
environment, for details.

   The following environment variables are set by DDD:

`DDD'
     Set to a string indicating the DDD version.  By testing whether
     `DDD' is set, a debuggee (or inferior debugger) can determine
     whether it was invoked by DDD.

`TERM'
     Set to `dumb', the DDD terminal type.  This is set for the
     inferior debugger only.(1)

`TERMCAP'
     Set to `' (none), the DDD terminal capabilities.

`PAGER'
     Set to `cat', the preferred DDD pager.

   The inferior debugger, in turn, might also set or unset some
environment variables.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) If the debuggee runs in a separate execution window, the
debuggee's `TERM' value is set according to the `termType' resource;
*Note Customizing the Execution Window::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Working Directory,  Next: Input/Output,  Prev: Environment,  Up: Starting Program Execution

6.1.3 Your Program's Working Directory
--------------------------------------

Your program normally inherits its working directory from the inferior
debugger, which again inherits it from DDD, which again inherits it
from its parent process (typically the shell or desktop).

   You can change the working directory of the inferior debugger via
`File => Change Directory' or via the `cd' command of the inferior
debugger.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Input/Output,  Prev: Working Directory,  Up: Starting Program Execution

6.1.4 Your Program's Input and Output
-------------------------------------

By default, the program you run under DDD does input and output to the
debugger console.  Normally, you can redirect your program's input
and/or output using "shell redirections" with the arguments--that is,
additional arguments like `< INPUT' or `> OUTPUT'.  You can enter these
shell redirections just like other arguments (*note Arguments::).

   _Warning:_ While input and output redirection work, you cannot use
pipes to pass the output of the program you are debugging to another
program; if you attempt this, DDD may wind up debugging the wrong
program.  *Note Attaching to a Process::, for an alternative.

   If command output is sent to the debugger console, it is impossible
for DDD to distinguish between the output of the debugged program and
the output of the inferior debugger.

   Program output that confuses DDD includes:

   * Primary debugger prompts (e.g. `(gdb) ', `(dbx) ' or `(ladebug) ')

   * Secondary debugger prompts (e.g. `>')

   * Confirmation prompts (e.g. `(y or n) ')

   * Prompts for more output (e.g. `Press RETURN to continue')

   * Display output (e.g. `$pc = 0x1234')

   If your program outputs any of these strings, you may encounter
problems with DDD mistaking them for debugger output.  These problems
can easily be avoided by redirecting program I/O, for instance to the
separate execution window (*note Using the Execution Window::).

   If the inferior debugger changes the default TTY settings, for
instance through a `stty' command in its initialization file, DDD may
also become confused.  The same applies to debugged programs which
change the default TTY settings.

   The behavior of the debugger console can be controlled using the
following resource:

 -- Resource: lineBufferedConsole (class LineBuffered)
     If this is `on' (default), each line from the inferior debugger is
     output on each own, such that the final line is placed at the
     bottom of the debugger console.  If this is `off', all lines are
     output as a whole.  This is faster, but results in a random
     position of the last line.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Using the Execution Window,  Next: Attaching to a Process,  Prev: Starting Program Execution,  Up: Running

6.2 Using the Execution Window
==============================

By default, input and output of your program go to the debugger console.
As an alternative, DDD can also invoke an "execution window", where the
program terminal input and output is shown.(1)

   To activate the execution window, select `Program => Run in
Execution Window'.

   Using the execution window has an important side effect: The output
of your program no longer gets intermixed with the output of the
inferior debugger.  This makes it far easier for DDD to parse the
debugger output correctly.  *Note Debugger Communication::, for details
on the `bufferGDBOutput' resource.

   The execution window is opened automatically as soon as you start the
debugged program.  While the execution window is active, DDD redirects
the standard input, output, and error streams of your program to the
execution window.  Note that the device `/dev/tty' still refers to the
debugger console, _not_ the execution window.

   You can override the DDD stream redirection by giving alternate
redirection operations as arguments.  For instance, to have your program
read from FILE, but to write to the execution window, invoke your
program with `< FILE' as argument.  Likewise, to redirect the standard
error output to the debugger console, use `2> /dev/tty' (assuming the
inferior debugger and/or your UNIX shell support standard error
redirection).

* Menu:

* Customizing the Execution Window::

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) The execution window is not available in JDB.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing the Execution Window,  Up: Using the Execution Window

6.2.1 Customizing the Execution Window
--------------------------------------

You can customize the DDD execution window and use a different TTY
command.  The command is set by `Edit => Preferences => Helpers =>
Execution Window': 

 -- Resource: termCommand (class TermCommand)
     The command to invoke for the execution window--a TTY emulator
     that shows the input/output of the debugged program.  A Bourne
     shell command to run in the separate TTY is appended to this
     string.  The string `@FONT@' is replaced by the name of the fixed
     width font used by DDD.  A simple value is

          Ddd*termCommand: xterm -fn @FONT@ -e /bin/sh -c
     
   You can also set the terminal type:

 -- Resource: termType (class TermType)
     The terminal type provided by the `termCommand' resource--that is,
     the value of the `TERM' environment variable to be passed to the
     debugged program.  Default: `xterm'.  

   Whether the execution window is active or not, as set by `Program =>
Run in Execution Window', is saved using this resource:

 -- Resource: separateExecWindow (class Separate)
     If `on', the debugged program is executed in a separate execution
     window.  If `off' (default), the debugged program is executed in
     the console window.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Attaching to a Process,  Next: Program Stop,  Prev: Using the Execution Window,  Up: Running

6.3 Attaching to a Running Process
==================================

If the debugged program is already running in some process, you can
"attach" to this process (instead of starting a new one with `Run').(1)

   To attach DDD to a process, select `File => Attach to Process'.  You
can now choose from a list of processes.  Then, press the `Attach'
button to attach to the specified process.

   The first thing DDD does after arranging to debug the specified
process is to stop it. You can examine and modify an attached process
with all the DDD commands that are ordinarily available when you start
processes with `Run'. You can insert breakpoints; you can step and
continue; you can modify storage. If you would rather the process
continue running, you may use `Continue' after attaching DDD to the
process.

   When using `Attach to Process', you should first use `Open Program'
to specify the program running in the process and load its symbol table.

   When you have finished debugging the attached process, you can use
the `File => Detach Process' to release it from DDD control.  Detaching
the process continues its execution.  After `Detach Process', that
process and DDD become completely independent once more, and you are
ready to attach another process or start one with `Run'.

   You can customize the list of processes shown by defining an
alternate command to list processes.  See `Edit => Preferences =>
Helpers => List Processes'; *Note Customizing Attaching to Processes::,
for details.

* Menu:

* Customizing Attaching to Processes::

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB, `pydb', Perl, and Bash do not support attaching the
debugger to running processes.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Attaching to Processes,  Up: Attaching to a Process

6.3.1 Customizing Attaching to Processes
----------------------------------------

When attaching to a process (*note Attaching to a Process::), DDD uses
a `ps' command to get the list of processes.  This command is defined
by the `psCommand' resource.

 -- Resource: psCommand (class PsCommand)
     The command to get a list of processes.  Usually `ps'.  Depending
     on your system, useful alternate values include `ps -ef' and `ps
     ux'.  The first line of the output must either contain a `PID'
     title, or each line must begin with a process ID.

     Note that the output of this command is filtered by DDD; a process
     is only shown if it can be attached to.  The DDD process itself as
     well as the process of the inferior debugger are suppressed, too.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Program Stop,  Next: Resuming Execution,  Prev: Attaching to a Process,  Up: Running

6.4 Program Stops
=================

After the program has been started, it runs until one of the following
happens:

   * A breakpoint is reached (*note Breakpoints::).

   * A watched value changes (*note Watchpoints::).

   * The program is interrupted (*note Interrupting::).

   * A signal is received (*note Signals::).

   * Execution completes.

   DDD shows the current program status in the debugger console.  The
current execution position is highlighted by an arrow.

   If `Edit => Preferences => General => Uniconify When Ready' is set,
DDD automatically deiconifies itself when the program stops.  This way,
you can iconify DDD during a lengthy computation and have it uniconify
as soon as the program stops.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Resuming Execution,  Next: Continuing Somewhere Else,  Prev: Program Stop,  Up: Running

6.5 Resuming Execution
======================

6.5.1 Continuing
----------------

To resume execution, at the current execution position, click on the
`Continue' button.  Any breakpoints set at the current execution
position are bypassed.

6.5.2 Stepping one Line
-----------------------

To execute just one source line, click on the `Step' button.  The
program is executed until control reaches a different source line, which
may be in a different function.  Then, the program is stopped and
control returns to DDD.

   _Warning_: If you use the `Step' button while control is within a
function that was compiled without debugging information, execution
proceeds until control reaches a function that does have debugging
information.  Likewise, it will not step into a function which is
compiled without debugging information.  To step through functions
without debugging information, use the `Stepi' button (*note Machine
Code Execution::).

   In GDB, the `Step' button only stops at the first instruction of a
source line.  This prevents the multiple stops that used to occur in
switch statements, for loops, etc.  `Step' continues to stop if a
function that has debugging information is called within the line.

   Also, the `Step' in GDB only enters a subroutine if there is line
number information for the subroutine.  Otherwise it acts like the
`Next' button.

6.5.3 Continuing to the Next Line
---------------------------------

To continue to the next line in the current function, click on the
`Next' button.  This is similar to `Step', but any function calls
appearing within the line of code are executed without stopping.

   Execution stops when control reaches a different line of code at the
original stack level that was executing when you clicked on `Next'.

6.5.4 Continuing Until Here
---------------------------

To continue running until a specific location is reached, use the
`Continue Until Here' facility from the line popup menu.  *Note
Temporary Breakpoints::, for a discussion.

6.5.5 Continuing Until a Greater Line is Reached
------------------------------------------------

To continue until a greater line in the current function is reached,
click on the `Until' button.  This is useful to avoid single stepping
through a loop more than once.

   `Until' is like `Next', except that when `Until' encounters a jump,
it automatically continues execution until the program counter is
greater than the address of the jump.

   This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single
stepping though it, `until' makes your program continue execution until
it exits the loop.  In contrast, clicking on `Next' at the end of a
loop simply steps back to the beginning of the loop, which forces you to
step through the next iteration.

   `Until' always stops your program if it attempts to exit the current
stack frame.

   `Until' works by means of single instruction stepping, and hence is
slower than continuing until a breakpoint is reached.

6.5.6 Continuing Until Function Returns
---------------------------------------

To continue running until the current function returns, use the
`Finish' button.  The returned value (if any) is printed.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Continuing Somewhere Else,  Next: Stack,  Prev: Resuming Execution,  Up: Running

6.6 Continuing at a Different Address
=====================================

Ordinarily, when you continue your program, you do so at the place where
it stopped.  You can instead continue at an address of your own
choosing.

   The most common occasion to use this feature is to back up--perhaps
with more breakpoints set-over a portion of a program that has already
executed, in order to examine its execution in more detail.

   To set the execution position to the current location, use `Set
Execution Position' from the breakpoint popup menu.  This item is also
accessible by pressing and holding the `Break/Clear' button.(1)

   As a quicker alternative, you can also press _mouse button 1_ on the
arrow and drag it to a different location.(2)

   Moving the execution position does not change the current stack
frame, or the stack pointer, or the contents of any memory location or
any register other than the program counter.

   Some inferior debuggers (notably GDB) allow you to set the new
execution position into a different function from the one currently
executing.  This may lead to bizarre results if the two functions
expect different patterns of arguments or of local variables.  For this
reason, moving the execution position requests confirmation if the
specified line is not in the function currently executing.

   After moving the execution position, click on `Continue' to resume
execution.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB, `pydb', Perl, and Bash do not support altering the
execution position.

   (2) When glyphs are disabled (*note Customizing Source::), dragging
the execution position is not possible.  Set the execution position
explicitly instead.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Stack,  Next: Undoing Program Execution,  Prev: Continuing Somewhere Else,  Up: Running

6.7 Examining the Stack
=======================

When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is
where it stopped and how it got there.

   Each time your program performs a function call, information about
the call is generated.  That information includes the location of the
call in your program, the arguments of the call, and the local
variables of the function being called.  The information is saved in a
block of data called a "stack frame".  The stack frames are allocated
in a region of memory called the "call stack".

   When your program stops, the DDD commands for examining the stack
allow you to see all of this information.

   One of the stack frames is "selected" by DDD and many DDD commands
refer implicitly to the selected frame.  In particular, whenever you
ask DDD for the value of a variable in your program, the value is found
in the selected frame.  There are special DDD commands to select
whichever frame you are interested in.

* Menu:

* Frames::                      Callers and callees.
* Backtraces::                  And you may ask yourself, `how did I get here?'
* Selecting a frame::           Moving up and down.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Frames,  Next: Backtraces,  Up: Stack

6.7.1 Stack Frames
------------------

The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called "stack
frames", or "frames" for short; each frame is the data associated with
one call to one function.  The frame contains the arguments given to
the function, the function's local variables, and the address at which
the function is executing.

   When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of
the function `main'.  This is called the "initial" frame or the
"outermost" frame.  Each time a function is called, a new frame is
made.  Each time a function returns, the frame for that function
invocation is eliminated.  If a function is recursive, there can be
many frames for the same function.  The frame for the function in which
execution is actually occurring is called the "innermost" frame.  This
is the most recently created of all the stack frames that still exist.

   Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses.
A stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own
address; each kind of computer has a convention for choosing one byte
whose address serves as the address of the frame.  Usually this address
is kept in a register called the "frame pointer register" while
execution is going on in that frame.

   GDB assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with zero
for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it, and so on
upward.  These numbers do not really exist in your program; they are
assigned by GDB to give you a way of designating stack frames in GDB
commands.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Backtraces,  Next: Selecting a frame,  Prev: Frames,  Up: Stack

6.7.2 Backtraces
----------------

DDD provides a "backtrace window" showing a summary of how your program
got where it is.  It shows one line per frame, for many frames,
starting with the currently executing frame (frame zero), followed by
its caller (frame one), and on up the stack.

   To enable the backtrace window, select `Status => Backtrace'.

   Using GDB, each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the
function name.  The program counter value is also shown--unless you use
the GDB command `set print address off'.  The backtrace also shows the
source file name and line number, as well as the arguments to the
function.  The program counter value is omitted if it is at the
beginning of the code for that line number.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Selecting a frame,  Prev: Backtraces,  Up: Stack

6.7.3 Selecting a Frame
-----------------------

Most commands for examining the stack and other data in your program
work on whichever stack frame is selected at the moment.  Here are the
commands for selecting a stack frame.(1)

   In the backtrace window, you can _select_ an arbitrary frame to move
from one stack frame to another.  Just click on the desired frame.

   The `Up' button selects the function that called the current
one--that is, it moves one frame up.

   The `Down' button selects the function that was called by the
current one--that is, it moves one frame down.

   You can also directly type the `up' and `down' commands at the
debugger prompt.  Typing <Ctrl+Up> and <Ctrl+Down>, respectively, will
also move you through the stack.

   `Up' and `Down' actions can be undone via `Edit => Undo'.  

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Perl does not allow changing the current stack frame.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Undoing Program Execution,  Next: Threads,  Prev: Stack,  Up: Running

6.8 "Undoing" Program Execution
===============================

If you take a look at the `Edit => Undo' menu item after an execution
command, you'll find that DDD offers you to undo execution commands
just as other commands.  Does this mean that DDD allows you to go
backwards in time, undoing program execution as well as undoing any
side-effects of your program?

   Sorry--we must disappoint you.  DDD cannot undo what your program
did.  (After a little bit of thought, you'll find that this would be
impossible in general.)  However, DDD can do something different: it
can show _previously recorded states_ of your program.

   After "undoing" an execution command (via `Edit => Undo', or the
`Undo' button), the execution position moves back to the earlier
position and displayed variables take their earlier values.  Your
program state is in fact unchanged, but DDD gives you a _view_ on the
earlier state as recorded by DDD.

   In this so-called "historic mode", most normal DDD commands that
would query further information from the program are disabled, since
the debugger cannot be queried for the earlier state.  However, you can
examine the current execution position, or the displayed variables.
Using `Undo' and `Redo', you can move back and forward in time to
examine how your program got into the present state.

   To let you know that you are operating in historic mode, the
execution arrow gets a dashed-line appearance (indicating a past
position); variable displays also come with dashed lines.  Furthermore,
the status line informs you that you are seeing an earlier program
state.

   Here's how historic mode works: each time your program stops, DDD
collects the current execution position and the values of displayed
variables.  Backtrace, thread, and register information is also
collected if the corresponding dialogs are open.  When "undoing" an
execution command, DDD updates its view from this collected state
instead of querying the program.

   If you want to collect this information without interrupting your
program--within a loop, for instance--you can place a breakpoint with
an associated `cont' command (*note Breakpoint Commands::).  When the
breakpoint is hit, DDD will stop, collect the data, and execute the
`cont' command, resuming execution.  Using a later `Undo', you can step
back and look at every single loop iteration.

   To leave historic mode, you can use `Redo' until you are back in the
current program state.  However, any DDD command that refers to program
state will also leave historic mode immediately by applying to the
current program state instead.  For instance, `Up' leaves historic mode
immediately and selects an alternate frame in the restored current
program state.

   If you want to see the history of a specific variable, as recorded
during program stops, you can enter the DDD command

     graph history NAME

   This returns a list of all previously recorded values of the variable
NAME, using array syntax.  Note that NAME must have been displayed at
earlier program stops in order to record values.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Threads,  Next: Signals,  Prev: Undoing Program Execution,  Up: Running

6.9 Examining Threads
=====================

In some operating systems, a single program may have more than one
_thread_ of execution.  The precise semantics of threads differ from
one operating system to another, but in general the threads of a single
program are akin to multiple processes--except that they share one
address space (that is, they can all examine and modify the same
variables).  On the other hand, each thread has its own registers and
execution stack, and perhaps private memory.

   For debugging purposes, DDD lets you display the list of threads
currently active in your program and lets you select the _current
thread_--the thread which is the focus of debugging.  DDD shows all
program information from the perspective of the current thread.(1)

   To view all currently active threads in your program, select `Status
=> Threads'.  The current thread is highlighted.  Select any thread to
make it the current thread.

   Using JDB, additional functionality is available:

   * Select a _thread group_ to switch between viewing all threads and
     the threads of the selected thread group;

   * Click on `Suspend' to suspend execution of the selected threads;

   * Click on `Resume' to resume execution of the selected threads.

   For more information on threads, see the JDB and GDB documentation
(*note Debugging programs with multiple threads: (gdb)Threads.).

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Currently, threads are supported in GDB and JDB only.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Signals,  Next: Killing the Program,  Prev: Threads,  Up: Running

6.10 Handling Signals
=====================

A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program.  The
operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each
kind a name and a number.  For example, in UNIX, `SIGINT' is the signal
a program gets when you type an interrupt; `SIGSEGV' is the signal a
program gets from referencing a place in memory far away from all the
areas in use; `SIGALRM' occurs when the alarm clock timer goes off
(which happens only if your program has requested an alarm).

   Some signals, including `SIGALRM', are a normal part of the
functioning of your program.  Others, such as `SIGSEGV', indicate
errors; these signals are _fatal_ (kill your program immediately) if
the program has not specified in advance some other way to handle the
signal.  `SIGINT' does not indicate an error in your program, but it is
normally fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt: to
kill the program.

   GDB has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your
program.  You can tell GDB in advance what to do for each kind of
signal.

   Normally, DDD is set up to ignore non-erroneous signals like
`SIGALRM' (so as not to interfere with their role in the functioning of
your program) but to stop your program immediately whenever an error
signal happens.  In DDD, you can view and edit these settings via
`Status => Signals'.

   `Status => Signals' pops up a panel showing all the kinds of signals
and how GDB has been told to handle each one.  The settings available
for each signal are:

`Stop'
     If set, GDB should stop your program when this signal happens.
     This also implies `Print' being set.

`Print'
     If set, GDB should print a message when this signal happens.

     If unset, GDB should not mention the occurrence of the signal at
     all.  This also implies `Stop' being unset.

`Pass'
     If set, GDB should allow your program to see this signal; your
     program can handle the signal, or else it may terminate if the
     signal is fatal and not handled.

     If unset, GDB should not allow your program to see this signal.

   The entry `All Signals' is special.  Changing a setting here affects
_all signals at once_--except those used by the debugger, typically
`SIGTRAP' and `SIGINT'.

   To undo any changes, use `Edit => Undo'.  The `Reset' button
restores the saved settings.

   When a signal stops your program, the signal is not visible until you
continue.  Your program sees the signal then, if `Pass' is in effect
for the signal in question _at that time_.  In other words, after GDB
reports a signal, you can change the `Pass' setting in `Status =>
Signals' to control whether your program sees that signal when you
continue.

   You can also cause your program to see a signal it normally would not
see, or to give it any signal at any time.  The `Send' button will
resume execution where your program stopped, but immediately give it the
signal shown.

   On the other hand, you can also prevent your program from seeing a
signal.  For example, if your program stopped due to some sort of memory
reference error, you might store correct values into the erroneous
variables and continue, hoping to see more execution; but your program
would probably terminate immediately as a result of the fatal signal
once it saw the signal.  To prevent this, you can resume execution using
`Commands => Continue Without Signal'.

   Signal settings are not saved across DDD invocations, since changed
signal settings are normally useful within specific projects only.
Instead, signal settings are saved with the current session, using
`File => Save Session As'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Killing the Program,  Prev: Signals,  Up: Running

6.11 Killing the Program
========================

You can kill the process of the debugged program at any time using the
`Kill' button.  

   Killing the process is useful if you wish to debug a core dump
instead of a running process.  GDB ignores any core dump file while
your program is running.

   The `Kill' button is also useful if you wish to recompile and relink
your program, since on many systems it is impossible to modify an
executable file while it is running in a process.  In this case, when
you next click on `Run', GDB notices that the file has changed, and
reads the symbol table again (while trying to preserve your current
debugger state).

File: ddd.info,  Node: Examining Data,  Next: Machine-Level Debugging,  Prev: Running,  Up: Top

7 Examining Data
****************

DDD provides several means to examine data.

   * The quickest way to examine variables is to move the pointer on an
     occurrence in the source text.  The value is displayed in the
     source line; after a second, a popup window (called "value tip")
     shows the variable value.  This is useful for quick examination of
     several simple values.

   * If you want to refer to variable values at a later time, you can
     "print" the value in the debugger console.  This allows for
     displaying and examining larger data structures.

   * If you want to examine complex data structures, you can "display"
     them graphically in the data window.  Displays remain effective
     until you delete them; they are updated each time the program
     stops.  This is useful for large dynamic structures.

   * If you want to examine arrays of numeric values, you can "plot"
     them graphically in a separate plot window.  The plot is updated
     each time the program stops.  This is useful for large numeric
     arrays.

   * Using GDB or DBX, you can also "examine memory contents" in any of
     several formats, independently of your program's data types.  

* Menu:

* Value Tips::                  Just move the pointer on a variable.
* Printing Values::             Printing a value in the debugger console.
* Displaying Values::           Displaying structures as graphs.
* Plotting Values::             Displaying values as plots.
* Examining Memory::            Low-level memory examination.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Value Tips,  Next: Printing Values,  Up: Examining Data

7.1 Showing Simple Values using Value Tips
==========================================

To display the value of a simple variable, move the mouse pointer on its
name.  After a second, a small window (called "value tip") pops up
showing the value of the variable pointed at.  The window disappears as
soon as you move the mouse pointer away from the variable.  The value is
also shown in the status line.

   You can disable value tips via `Edit => Preferences => General =>
Automatic display of variable values as popup tips'.

   You can disable displaying variable values in the status line via
`Edit => Preferences => General => Automatic display of variable values
in the status line'.

   These customizations are tied to the following resources:

 -- Resource: valueTips (class Tips)
     Whether value tips are enabled (`on', default) or not (`off').
     Value tips affect DDD performance and may be distracting for some
     experienced users.

 -- Resource: valueDocs (class Docs)
     Whether the display of variable values in the status line is
     enabled (`on', default) or not (`off').

   You can turn off value tips via `Edit => Preferences => General =>
Automatic Display of Variable Values'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Printing Values,  Next: Displaying Values,  Prev: Value Tips,  Up: Examining Data

7.2 Printing Simple Values in the Debugger Console
==================================================

The variable value can also be printed in the debugger console, making
it available for future operations.  To print a variable value, select
the desired variable by clicking _mouse button 1_ on its name.  The
variable name is copied to the argument field.  By clicking the `Print'
button, the value is printed in the debugger console.  The printed
value is also shown in the status line.

   As a shorter alternative, you can simply press _mouse button 3_ on
the variable name and select the `Print' item from the popup menu.

   In GDB, the `Print' button generates a `print' command, which has
several more options.  *Note Examining Data: (gdb)Data, for
GDB-specific expressions, variables, and output formats.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Displaying Values,  Next: Plotting Values,  Prev: Printing Values,  Up: Examining Data

7.3 Displaying Complex Values in the Data Window
================================================

To explore complex data structures, you can "display" them permanently
in the _data window_.  The data window displays selected data of your
program, showing complex data structures graphically.  It is updated
each time the program stops.

* Menu:

* Display Basics::              How to create, manipulate, and delete displays.
* Arrays::                      Special functions for arrays.
* Assignment::                  Setting variable values.
* Examining Structures::        Dereferencing pointers and other references.
* Customizing Displays::        Data Themes.
* Layouting the Graph::         Automatic layout.
* Printing the Graph::          Printing on paper.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Display Basics,  Next: Arrays,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.1 Display Basics
--------------------

This section discusses how to create, manipulate, and delete displays.
The essentials are:

   * Click on `Display' to display the variable in `()'.

   * Click on a display to select it.

   * Click on `Undisplay' to delete the selected display.  

* Menu:

* Creating Single Displays::
* Selecting Displays::
* Showing and Hiding Details::
* Rotating Displays::
* Displaying Local Variables::
* Displaying Program Status::
* Refreshing the Data Window::
* Placement::
* Clustering::
* Creating Multiple Displays::
* Editing all Displays::
* Deleting Displays::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Creating Single Displays,  Next: Selecting Displays,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.1 Creating Single Displays
................................

To create a new display showing a specific variable, select the variable
by clicking _mouse button 1_ on its name.  The variable name is copied
to the argument field.  By clicking the `Display' button, a new display
is created in the data window.  The data window opens automatically as
soon as you create a display.

   As a shorter alternative, you can simply press _mouse button 3_ on
the variable name and select `Display' from the popup menu.

   As an even faster alternative, you can also double-click on the
variable name.

   As another alternative, you may also enter the expression to be
displayed in the argument field and press the `Display' button.

   Finally, you may also type in a command at the debugger prompt:

     graph display EXPR [clustered] [at (X, Y)]
         [dependent on DISPLAY] [[now or] when in SCOPE]

   This command creates a new display showing the value of the
expression EXPR.  The optional parts have the following meaning:

`clustered'
     If given, the new display is created in a cluster.  *Note
     Clustering::, for a discussion.

`at (X, Y)'
     If given, the new display is created at the position (X, Y).
     Otherwise, a default position is assigned.

`dependent on DISPLAY'
     If given, an edge from the display numbered or named _display_ to
     the new display is created.  Otherwise, no edge is created.  *Note
     Dependent Values::, for details.

`when in SCOPE'
`now or when in SCOPE'
     If `when in' is given, the display creation is "deferred" until
     execution reaches the given SCOPE (a function name, as in the
     backtrace output).

     If `now or when in' is given, DDD first attempts to create the
     display immediately.  The display is deferred only if display
     creation fails.

     If neither `when in' suffix nor `now or when in' suffix is given,
     the display is created immediately.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Selecting Displays,  Next: Showing and Hiding Details,  Prev: Creating Single Displays,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.2 Selecting Displays
..........................

Each display in the data window has a _title bar_ containing the
_display number_ and the displayed expression (the _display name_).
Below the title, the _display value_ is shown.

   You can select single displays by clicking on them with _mouse
button 1_.

   You can _extend_ an existing selection by pressing the <Shift> key
while selecting.  You can also _toggle_ an existing selection by
pressing the <Shift> key while selecting already selected displays.

   Single displays may also be selected by using the arrow keys <Up>,
<Down>, <Left>, and <Right>.

   _Multiple displays_ are selected by pressing and holding _mouse
button 1_ somewhere on the window background.  By moving the pointer
while holding the button, a selection rectangle is shown; all displays
fitting in the rectangle are selected when mouse button 1 is released.

   If the <Shift> key is pressed while selecting, the existing
selection is _extended_.

   By double-clicking on a display title, the display itself and all
connected displays are automatically selected.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Showing and Hiding Details,  Next: Rotating Displays,  Prev: Selecting Displays,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.3 Showing and Hiding Details
..................................

Aggregate values (i.e. records, structs, classes, and arrays) can be
shown _expanded_, that is, displaying all details, or _hidden_, that
is, displayed as `{...}'.

   To show details about an aggregate, select the aggregate by clicking
_mouse button 1_ on its name or value and click on the `Show' button.
Details are shown for the aggregate itself as well as for all contained
sub-aggregates.

   To hide details about an aggregate, select the aggregate by clicking
_mouse button 1_ on its name or value and click on the `Hide' button.

   When pressing and holding _mouse button 1_ on the `Show/Hide'
button, a menu pops up with even more alternatives:

`Show More ()'
     Shows details of all aggregates currently hidden, but not of their
     sub-aggregates.  You can invoke this item several times in a row to
     reveal more and more details of the selected aggregate.

`Show Just ()'
     Shows details of the selected aggregate, but hides all
     sub-aggregates.

`Show All ()'
     Shows all details of the selected aggregate and of its
     sub-aggregates.  This item is equivalent to the `Show' button.

`Hide ()'
     Hide all details of the selected aggregate.  This item is
     equivalent to the `Hide' button.  

   As a faster alternative, you can also press _mouse button 3_ on the
aggregate and select the appropriate menu item.

   As an even faster alternative, you can also double-click _mouse
button 1_ on a value.  If some part of the value is hidden, more details
will be shown; if the entire value is shown, double-clicking will
_hide_ the value instead.  This way, you can double-click on a value
until you get the right amount of details.

   If _all_ details of a display are hidden, the display is called
"disabled"; this is indicated by the string `(Disabled)'.

   Displays can also be disabled or enabled via a DDD command, which
you enter at the debugger prompt:

     graph disable display DISPLAYS...

disables the given displays.

     graph enable display DISPLAYS...

re-enables the given displays.

   In both commands, DISPLAYS... is either
   * a space-separated list of display numbers to disable or enable, or

   * a single display name.  If you specify a display by name, all
     displays with this name will be affected.

   Use `Edit => Undo' to undo disabling or enabling displays.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Rotating Displays,  Next: Displaying Local Variables,  Prev: Showing and Hiding Details,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.4 Rotating Displays
.........................

Arrays, structures and lists can be oriented horizontally or vertically.
To change the orientation of a display, select it and then click on the
`Rotate' button.

   As a faster alternative, you can also press _mouse button 3_ on the
array and select `Rotate' from the popup menu.

   If a structure or list is oriented horizontally, DDD automatically
suppresses the member names.  This can be handy for saving space.

   The last chosen display orientation is used for the creation of new
displays.  If you recently rotated an array to horizontal orientation,
the next array you create will also be oriented horizontally.  These
settings are tied to the following resources:

 -- Resource: arrayOrientation (class Orientation)
     How arrays are to be oriented.  Possible values are `XmVERTICAL'
     (default) and `XmHORIZONTAL'.

 -- Resource: showMemberNames (class ShowMemberNames)
     Whether to show struct member names or not.  Default is `on'.

 -- Resource: structOrientation (class Orientation)
     How structs are to be oriented.  Possible values are `XmVERTICAL'
     (default) and `XmHORIZONTAL'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Displaying Local Variables,  Next: Displaying Program Status,  Prev: Rotating Displays,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.5 Displaying Local Variables
..................................

You can display all local variables at once by choosing `Data =>
Display Local Variables'.  When using DBX, XDB, JDB, or Perl, this
displays all local variables, including the arguments of the current
function.  When using GDB or `pydb', function arguments are contained
in a separate display, activated by `Data => Display Arguments'.

   The display showing the local variables can be manipulated just like
any other data display.  Individual variables can be selected and
dereferenced.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Displaying Program Status,  Next: Refreshing the Data Window,  Prev: Displaying Local Variables,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.6 Displaying Program Status
.................................

You can create a display from the output of an arbitrary debugger
command.  By entering

     graph display `COMMAND`

the output of COMMAND is turned into a _status display_ updated each
time the program stops.

   For instance, the command

     graph display `where`

creates a status display named `Where' that shows the current backtrace.

   If you are using GDB, DDD provides a panel from which you can choose
useful status displays.  Select `Data => Status Displays' and pick your
choice from the list.

   Refreshing status displays at each stop takes time; you should delete
status displays as soon as you don't need them any more.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Refreshing the Data Window,  Next: Placement,  Prev: Displaying Program Status,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.7 Refreshing the Data Window
..................................

The data window is automatically updated or "refreshed" each time the
program stops.  Values that have changed since the last refresh are
highlighted.

   However, there may be situations where you should refresh the data
window explicitly.  This is especially the case whenever you changed
debugger settings that could affect the data format, and want the data
window to reflect these settings.

   You can refresh the data window by selecting `Data => Refresh
Displays'.

   As an alternative, you can press _mouse button 3_ on the background
of the data window and select the `Refresh Displays' item.

   Typing

     graph refresh

at the debugger prompt has the same effect.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Placement,  Next: Clustering,  Prev: Refreshing the Data Window,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.8 Display Placement
.........................

By default, displays are created from _top to bottom_--that is, each
new display is placed below the downmost one.  You can change this
setting to _left to right_ via `Edit => Preferences => Data =>
Placement => Left to right'.

   This setting is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: displayPlacement (class Orientation)
     If this is `XmVERTICAL' (default), DDD places each new independent
     display below the downmost one.  If this is `XmHORIZONTAL', each
     new independent display is placed on the right of the rightmost
     one.

   Note that changing the placement of new displays also affects the
placement of _dependent displays_ (*note Dependent Values::).  In _top
to bottom_ mode, dependent displays are created on the right of the
originating display; in _left to right_ mode, dependent displays are
created on the below the originating display.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Clustering,  Next: Creating Multiple Displays,  Prev: Placement,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.9 Clustering Displays
...........................

If you examine several variables at once, having a separate display for
each of them uses a lot of screen space.  This is why DDD supports
"clusters".  A cluster merges several logical data displays into one
physical display, saving screen space.

   There are two ways to create clusters:
   * You can create clusters _manually_.  This is done by selecting the
     displays to be clustered and choosing `Undisp => Cluster ()'.
     This creates a new cluster from all selected displays.  If an
     already existing cluster is selected, too, the selected displays
     will be clustered into the selected cluster.

   * You can create a cluster _automatically_ for all independent data
     displays, such that all new data displays will automatically be
     clustered, too.  This is achieved by enabling `Edit => Preferences
     => Data => Placement => clustered'.

   Displays in a cluster can be selected and manipulated like parts of
an ordinary display; in particular, you can show and hide details, or
dereference pointers.  However, edges leading to clustered displays can
not be shown, and you must either select one or all clustered displays.

   Disabling a cluster is called _unclustering_, and again, there are
two ways of doing it:

   * You can uncluster displays _manually_, by selecting the cluster
     and choosing `Undisp => Uncluster ()'.

   * You can uncluster all current and future displays by disabling
     `Edit => Preferences => Data => Placement => clustered'.  

File: ddd.info,  Node: Creating Multiple Displays,  Next: Editing all Displays,  Prev: Clustering,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.10 Creating Multiple Displays
...................................

To display several successive objects of the same type (a section of an
array, or an array of dynamically determined size), you can use the
notation `FROM..TO' in display expressions.

   FROM and TO are numbers that denote the first and last expression to
display.  Thus,

     graph display argv[0..9]

creates 10 new displays for `argv[0]', `argv[1]', ..., `argv[9]'.  The
displays are clustered automatically (*note Clustering::), such that
you can easily handle the set just like an array.

   The `FROM..TO' notation can also be used multiple times.  For
instance,

     graph display 1..5 * 1..5

creates a handy small multiplication table.

   The `FROM..TO' notation creates several displays, which takes time
to create and update.  If you want to display only a part of an array,
_array slices_ are a more efficient way.  *Note Array Slices::, for a
discussion.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing all Displays,  Next: Deleting Displays,  Prev: Creating Multiple Displays,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.11 Editing all Displays
.............................

You can view the state of all displays by selecting `Data => Displays'.
This invokes the "Display Editor".

   The Display Editor shows the properties of each display, using the
following fields:

`Num'
     The display number.

`Expression'
     The displayed expression.

`State'
     One of

    `enabled'
          Normal state.

    `disabled'
          Disabled; all details are hidden.  Use `Show' to enable.

    `not active'
          Out of scope.

    `deferred'
          Will be created as soon as its `Scope' is reached (*note
          Creating Single Displays::).

    `clustered'
          Part of a cluster (*note Clustering::).  Use `Undisp =>
          Uncluster' to uncluster.

    `alias of DISPLAY'
          A suppressed alias of display DISPLAY (*note Shared
          Structures::).

`Scope'
     The scope in which the display was created.  For deferred
     displays, this is the scope in which the display will be created.

`Address'
     The address of the displayed expression.  Used for resolving
     aliases (*note Shared Structures::).

File: ddd.info,  Node: Deleting Displays,  Prev: Editing all Displays,  Up: Display Basics

7.3.1.12 Deleting Displays
..........................

To delete a single display, select its title or value and click on the
`Undisp' button.  As an alternative, you can also press _mouse button
3_ on the display and select the `Undisplay' item.

   When a display is deleted, its immediate ancestors and descendants
are automatically selected, so that you can easily delete entire graphs.

   If you have selected only part of a display, clicking on the
`Undisp' button allows you to _suppress_ this part--by applying the
_Suppress Values_ theme on the part.  You'll be asked for confirmation
first.  *Note Using Data Themes::, for details.

   To delete several displays at once, use the `Undisp' button in the
Display Editor (invoked via `Data => Displays').  Select any number of
display items in the usual way and delete them by pressing `Undisp'.

   As an alternative, you can also use a DDD command:

     graph undisplay DISPLAYS...

   Here, DISPLAYS... is either
   * a space-separated list of display numbers to disable or enable, or

   * a single display name.  If you specify a display by name, all
     displays with this name will be affected.

   If you are using stacked windows, deleting the last display from the
data window also automatically closes the data window.  (You can change
this via `Edit => Preferences => Data => Close data window when
deleting last display'.)

   If you deleted a display by mistake, use `Edit => Undo' to re-create
it.

   Finally, you can also cut, copy, and paste displays using the `Cut',
`Copy', and `Paste' items from the `Edit' menu.  The clipboard holds
the _commands_ used to create the displays; `Paste' inserts the display
commands in the debugger console.  This allows you to save displays for
later usage or to copy displays across multiple DDD instances.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Arrays,  Next: Assignment,  Prev: Display Basics,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.2 Arrays
------------

DDD has some special features that facilitate handling of arrays.

* Menu:

* Array Slices::                Displaying FROM..TO parts of an array
* Repeated Values::             How repeated values are handled.
* Arrays as Tables::            Displaying two-dimensional arrays.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Array Slices,  Next: Repeated Values,  Up: Arrays

7.3.2.1 Array Slices
....................

It is often useful to print out several successive objects of the same
type in memory; a "slice" (section) of an array, or an array of
dynamically determined size for which only a pointer exists in the
program.

   Using DDD, you can display slices using the `FROM..TO' notation
(*note Creating Multiple Displays::).  But this requires that you
already know FROM and TO; it is also inefficient to create several
single displays.  If you use GDB, you have yet another alternative.

   Using GDB, you can display successive objects by referring to a
contiguous span of memory as an "artificial array", using the binary
operator `@'.  The left operand of `@' should be the first element of
the desired array and be an individual object.  The right operand
should be the desired length of the array.  The result is an array
value whose elements are all of the type of the left argument.  The
first element is actually the left argument; the second element comes
from bytes of memory immediately following those that hold the first
element, and so on.

   Here is an example.  If a program says

     int *array = (int *) malloc (len * sizeof (int));

you can print the contents of `array' with

     print array[0]@len

and display the contents with

     graph display array[0]@len

   The general form of displaying an array slice is thus

     graph display ARRAY[FIRST]@NELEMS

where ARRAY is the name of the array to display, FIRST is the index of
the first element, and NELEMS is the number of elements to display.

   The left operand of `@' must reside in memory.  Array values made
with `@' in this way behave just like other arrays in terms of
subscripting, and are coerced to pointers when used in expressions.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Repeated Values,  Next: Arrays as Tables,  Prev: Array Slices,  Up: Arrays

7.3.2.2 Repeated Values
.......................

Using GDB, an array value that is repeated 10 or more times is displayed
only once.  The value is shown with a `<Nx>' postfix added, where N is
the number of times the value is repeated.  Thus, the display `0x0
<30x>' stands for 30 array elements, each with the value `0x0'.  This
saves a lot of display space, especially with homogeneous arrays.

   The default GDB threshold for repeated array values is 10.  You can
change it via `Edit => GDB Settings => Threshold for repeated print
elements'.  Setting the threshold to `0' will cause GDB (and DDD) to
display each array element individually.  Be sure to refresh the data
window via `Data => Refresh Displays' after a change in GDB settings.

   You can also configure DDD to display each array element
individually:

 -- Resource: expandRepeatedValues (class ExpandRepeatedValues)
     GDB can print repeated array elements as `VALUE <repeated N
     times>'.  If `expandRepeatedValues' is `on', DDD will display N
     instances of VALUE instead.  If `expandRepeatedValues' is `off'
     (default), DDD will display VALUE with `<Nx>' appended to indicate
     the repetition.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Arrays as Tables,  Prev: Repeated Values,  Up: Arrays

7.3.2.3 Arrays as Tables
........................

By default, DDD lays out two-dimensional arrays as tables, such that
all array elements are aligned with each other.(1)  To disable this
feature, unset `Edit => Preferences => Data => Display Two-Dimensional
Arrays as Tables'.  This is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: align2dArrays (class Align2dArrays)
     If `on' (default), DDD lays out two-dimensional arrays as tables,
     such that all array elements are aligned with each other.  If
     `off', DDD treats a two-dimensional array as an array of
     one-dimensional arrays, each aligned on its own.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) This requires that the full array size is known to the debugger.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Assignment,  Next: Examining Structures,  Prev: Arrays,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.3 Assignment to Variables
-----------------------------

During program execution, you can change the values of arbitrary
variables.(1)

   To change the value of a variable, enter its name in `()'--for
instance, by selecting an occurrence or a display.  Then, click on the
`Set' button.  In a dialog, you can edit the variable value at will;
clicking the `OK' or `Apply' button commits your change and assigns the
new value to the variable.

   To change a displayed value, you can also select `Set Value' menu
from the data popup menu,

   If you made a mistake, you can use `Edit => Undo' to re-set the
variable to its previous value.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) JDB 1.1 does not support changing variable values.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Examining Structures,  Next: Customizing Displays,  Prev: Assignment,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.4 Examining Structures
--------------------------

Besides displaying simple values, DDD can also visualize the
"Dependencies" between values--especially pointers and other references
that make up complex data structures.

* Menu:

* Dependent Values::            Edges from values to values.
* Dereferencing Pointers::      Examining pointer-based data structures.
* Shared Structures::           Multiple pointers to one display.
* Display Shortcuts::           Customize your own menus.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Dependent Values,  Next: Dereferencing Pointers,  Up: Examining Structures

7.3.4.1 Displaying Dependent Values
...................................

Dependent displays are created from an existing display.  The dependency
is indicated by an "edge" leading from the originating display to the
dependent display.

   To create a dependent display, select the originating display or
display part and enter the dependent expression in the `():' argument
field.  Then click on the `Display' button.

   Using dependent displays, you can investigate the data structure of a
tree for example and lay it out according to your intuitive image of the
tree data structure.

   By default, DDD does not recognize shared data structures (i.e. a
data object referenced by multiple other data objects).  *Note Shared
Structures::, for details on how to examine such structures.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Dereferencing Pointers,  Next: Shared Structures,  Prev: Dependent Values,  Up: Examining Structures

7.3.4.2 Dereferencing Pointers
..............................

There are special shortcuts for creating dependent displays showing the
value of a dereferenced pointer.  This allows for rapid examination of
pointer-based data structures.

   To dereference a pointer, select the originating pointer value or
name and click on the `Disp *' button.  A new display showing the
dereferenced pointer value is created.

   As a faster alternative, you can also press _mouse button 3_ on the
originating pointer value or name and select the `Display *' menu item.

   As an even faster alternative, you can also double-click _mouse
button 1_ on the originating pointer value or name.  If you press
<Ctrl> while double-clicking, the display will be dereferenced _in
place_-that is, it will be replaced by the dereferenced display.

   The `Display *()' function is also accessible by pressing and
holding the `Display' button.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Shared Structures,  Next: Display Shortcuts,  Prev: Dereferencing Pointers,  Up: Examining Structures

7.3.4.3 Shared Structures
.........................

By default, DDD does not recognize shared data structures--that is, a
data object referenced by multiple other data objects.  For instance,
if two pointers `p1' and `p2' point at the same data object `d', the
data displays `d', `*p1', and `*p2' will be separate, although they
denote the same object.

   DDD provides a special mode which makes it detect these situations.
DDD recognizes if two or more data displays are stored at the same
physical address, and if this is so, merges all these "aliases" into
one single data display, the _original data display_.  This mode is
called _Alias Detection_; it is enabled via `Data => Detect Aliases'.

   When alias detection is enabled, DDD inquires the memory location
(the _address_) of each data display after each program step.  If two
displays have the same address, they are merged into one.  More
specifically, only the one which has least recently changed remains
(the _original data display_); all other aliases are _suppressed_, i.e.
completely hidden.  The edges leading to the aliases are replaced by
edges leading to the original data display.

   An edge created by alias detection is somewhat special: rather than
connecting two displays directly, it goes through an "edge hint",
describing an arc connecting the two displays and the edge hint.

   Each edge hint is a placeholder for a suppressed alias; selecting an
edge hint is equivalent to selecting the alias.  This way, you can
easily delete display aliases by simply selecting the edge hint and
clicking on `Undisp'.

   To access suppressed display aliases, you can also use the Display
Editor.  Suppressed displays are listed in the Display Editor as
_aliases_ of the original data display.  Via the Display Editor, you
can select, change, and delete suppressed displays.

   Suppressed displays become visible again as soon as

   * alias detection is disabled,

   * their address changes such that they are no more aliases, or

   * the original data display is deleted, such that the least recently
     changed alias becomes the new original data display.

   Please note the following _caveats_ with alias detection:

   * Alias detection requires that the current programming language
     provides a means to determine the address of an arbitrary data
     object.  Currently, only C, C++, and Java are supported.

   * Some inferior debuggers (for instance, SunOS DBX) produce incorrect
     output for address expressions.  Given a pointer P, you may verify
     the correct function of your inferior debugger by comparing the
     values of P and `&P' (unless P actually points to itself).  You
     can also examine the data display addresses, as shown in the
     Display Editor.

   * Alias detection slows down DDD slightly, which is why you can turn
     it off.  You may consider to enable it only at need--for instance,
     while examining some complex data structure--and disable it while
     examining control flow (i.e., stepping through your program).  DDD
     will automatically restore edges and data displays when switching
     modes.

   Alias detection is controlled by the following resources:

 -- Resource: deleteAliasDisplays (class DeleteAliasDisplays)
     If this is `on' (default), the `Undisplay ()' button also deletes
     all aliases of the selected displays.  If this is `off', only the
     selected displays are deleted; the aliases remain, and one of the
     aliases will be unsuppressed.

 -- Resource: detectAliases (class DetectAliases)
     If `on' (default), DDD attempts to recognize shared data
     structures.  If `off', shared data structures are not recognized.

 -- Resource: typedAliases (class TypedAliases)
     If `on' (default), DDD requires structural equivalence in order to
     recognize shared data structures.  If this is `off', two displays
     at the same address are considered aliases, regardless of their
     structure.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Display Shortcuts,  Prev: Shared Structures,  Up: Examining Structures

7.3.4.4 Display Shortcuts
.........................

DDD maintains a _shortcut menu_ of frequently used display expressions.
This menu is activated

   * by pressing and holding the `Display' button, or

   * by pressing _mouse button 3_ on some display and selecting `New
     Display', or

   * by pressing <Shift> and _mouse button 3_ on some display.

   By default, the shortcut menu contains frequently used base
conversions.

   The `Other' entry in the shortcut menu lets you create a new display
that _extends_ the shortcut menu.

   As an example, assume you have selected a display named `date_ptr'.
Selecting `Display => Other' pops up a dialog that allows you to enter
a new expression to be displayed--for instance, you can cast the
display `date_ptr' to a new display `(char *)date_ptr'.  If the
`Include in `New Display' Menu' toggle was activated, the shortcut menu
will then contain a new entry `Display (char *)()' that will cast _any_
selected display DISPLAY to `(char *)DISPLAY'.  Such shortcuts can save
you a lot of time when examining complex data structures.

   You can edit the contents of the `New Display' menu by selecting its
`Edit Menu' item.  This pops up the _Shortcut Editor_ containing all
shortcut expressions, which you can edit at leisure.  Each line
contains the expression for exactly one menu item.  Clicking on `Apply'
re-creates the `New Display' menu from the text.  If the text is empty,
the `New Display' menu will be empty, too.

   DDD also allows you to specify individual labels for user-defined
buttons.  You can write such a label after the expression, separated by
`//'.  This feature is used in the default contents of the GDB `New
Display' menu, where each of the base conversions has a label:

     /t ()   // Convert to Bin
     /d ()   // Convert to Dec
     /x ()   // Convert to Hex
     /o ()   // Convert to Oct

   Feel free to add other conversions here.  DDD supports up to 20 `New
Display' menu items.

   The shortcut menu is controlled by the following resources:

 -- Resource: dbxDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for DBX.

     If a line contains a label delimiter(1), the string before the
     delimiter is used as EXPRESSION, and the string after the
     delimiter is used as label.  Otherwise, the label is `Display
     EXPRESSION'.  Upon activation, the string `()' in EXPRESSION is
     replaced by the name of the currently selected display.

 -- Resource: gdbDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for GDB.  See the description of
     `dbxDisplayShortcuts', above.

 -- Resource: jdbDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for JDB.  See the description of
     `dbxDisplayShortcuts', above.

 -- Resource: perlDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for Perl.  See the description of
     `dbxDisplayShortcuts', above.

 -- Resource: bashDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for Bash.  See the description of
     `dbxDisplayShortcuts', above.

 -- Resource: pydbDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for `pydb'.  See the description of
     `dbxDisplayShortcuts', above.

 -- Resource: xdbDisplayShortcuts (class DisplayShortcuts)
     A newline-separated list of display expressions to be included in
     the `New Display' menu for XDB.  See the description of
     `dbxDisplayShortcuts', above.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) The string `//'; can be changed via the `labelDelimiter'
resource.  *Note Customizing Buttons::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Displays,  Next: Layouting the Graph,  Prev: Examining Structures,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.5 Customizing Displays
--------------------------

* Menu:

* Using Data Themes::
* Applying Data Themes to Several Values::
* Editing Themes::
* Writing Data Themes::
* Display Resources::
* VSL Resources::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Using Data Themes,  Next: Applying Data Themes to Several Values,  Up: Customizing Displays

7.3.5.1 Using Data Themes
.........................

DDD provides a simple method to customize displays.  DDD comes with a
number of _visual modifiers_, called _data themes_.

   Each theme modifies a particular aspect of a data display.  It can be
applied to individual displays or to a number of displays.  The themes
installed with DDD include:

`Small Titles'
     If enabled, display titles in a smaller font.

`Small Values'
     Apply this theme to display values in a smaller font.

`Tiny Values'
     If enabled, display values in a tiny font.  This could be combined
     with a pattern like `*\[*\]' to make all array members tiny.
     Apply this theme to display values in a tiny font.

`Suppress Values'
     If enabled, the given value will be suppressed.  This should be
     combined with a pattern like `*->X' to suppress all members named
     `X'.  Apply this theme to display values not at all.

`Red Background'
     Use this with a self-defined button associated with the command
     `graph apply red.vsl "()"'

`Red nil pointers'
     If enabled, show nil pointers in red.

`Green background'
     Use this with a self-defined button associated with the command
     `graph apply green.vsl "()"'.

`Intel x86 flag bits and registers'
     To use this theme, set up some data buttons like this:

             Ddd*dataButtons: \
             graph display ($eflags & 1) != 0 // c\n\
             graph display ($eflags & 64) != 0 // z\n\
             graph display ($eflags & 128) != 0 // s\n\
             graph display ($eflags & 1024) != 0 // d\n\
             graph display ($eflags & 2048) != 0 // o\n\
             graph display $eax & 255 // al\n\
             graph display $eax >> 8 & 255 // ah\n\
             graph display $eax & 65535 // ax\n\
             graph display $ebx & 255 // bl\n\
             graph display $ebx >> 8 & 255 // bh\n\
             graph display $ebx & 65535 // bx\n\
             graph display $ecx & 255 // cl\n\
             graph display $ecx >> 8 & 255 // ch\n\
             graph display $ecx & 65535 // cx\n\
             graph display $edx & 255 // dl\n\
             graph display $edx >> 8 & 255 // dh\n\
             graph display $edx & 65535 // dx

     Whenever the these displays is shown, the title will be replaced
     by a more intuitive title like "carry", or "zero" for one of the
     flag bits and "al" "ax", etc. for one of the registers.


   Each of these themes can be applied for specific displays.

   To apply a theme on a display,
  1. Press _mouse button 3_ on the display.

  2. Select `Theme'

  3. Select the theme to apply.

   For instance, to display the variable `s' in a tiny font, click
_mouse button 3_ on the display of `s', and select `Theme => Tiny
Values => Apply'.

   To unapply a theme, just click on `Undo' (if you just applied it) or
repeat the sequence as above.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Applying Data Themes to Several Values,  Next: Editing Themes,  Prev: Using Data Themes,  Up: Customizing Displays

7.3.5.2 Applying Data Themes to Several Values
..............................................

Whenever you want to apply a theme on a _struct member_ or an _array
element,_ you will be asked whether to

   * apply the theme on the single value only, or

   * apply the theme on all similar values.

   Suppose, for instance, that you don't want to see `vptr' members
anymore.  Then you'd apply the theme _Suppress Values_ on all similar
values.

   On the other hand, if you want to highlight one single value only,
you'd apply the theme _Red Background_ on only one single value.

   If you find this confirmation annoying, you can define a command
button which directly applies the theme.  *Note Defining Commands::,
for details on defining commands.

   Applying and unapplying themes is associated with the following
commands:

     graph apply theme NAME PATTERN
   applies the theme NAME on PATTERN.

     graph unapply theme NAME PATTERN
   unapplies the theme NAME on PATTERN.

     graph toggle theme NAME PATTERN
   applies the theme NAME on PATTERN if it was not already applied, and
unapplies it otherwise.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing Themes,  Next: Writing Data Themes,  Prev: Applying Data Themes to Several Values,  Up: Customizing Displays

7.3.5.3 Editing Themes
......................

Each theme can be globally activated or not.  If a theme is activated,
it is applied to all expressions that match its _pattern_.

   Normally, these patterns are automatically maintained by simply
selecting the themes for the individual displays.  However, you can also
edit patterns directly.

   Patterns are separated by `;' and contain shell-like metacharacters:
   * `*' matches any sequence of characters.

   * `?' matches any single character.

   * `[SET]' matches any character in SET.  Character ranges can be
     expressed using FROM-TO: `[0-9a-zA-Z_]' is the set of characters
     allowed in C characters.

   * `[!SET]' matches any character not in SET.

   * To suppress the special syntactic significance of any
     metacharacter\n\ and match the character exactly, precede it with
     `\' (backslash).

   * To suppress the syntactic significance of _all_ metacharacters,\n\
     enclose the pattern in double or single quotes.\n\

   To edit the set of themes, invoke `Data => Themes'.

   To apply changes you made to the themes, click on `Apply'.  To
revert the themes to the last saved, click on `Reset'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Writing Data Themes,  Next: Display Resources,  Prev: Editing Themes,  Up: Customizing Displays

7.3.5.4 Writing Data Themes
...........................

You can write your own data themes, customizing the display to match
your need.  *Note Top: (ddd-themes)Top, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Display Resources,  Next: VSL Resources,  Prev: Writing Data Themes,  Up: Customizing Displays

7.3.5.5 Display Resources
.........................

You can use these resources to control display appearance:

 -- Resource: autoCloseDataWindow (class AutoClose)
     If this is `on' (default) and DDD is in stacked window mode,
     deleting the last display automatically closes the data window.
     If this is `off', the data window stays open even after deleting
     the last display.

 -- Resource: bumpDisplays (class BumpDisplays)
     If some display D changes size and this resource is `on'
     (default), DDD assigns new positions to displays below and on the
     right of D such that the distance between displays remains
     constant.  If this is `off', other displays are not rearranged.

 -- Resource: clusterDisplays (class ClusterDisplays)
     If `on', new independent data displays will automatically be
     clustered.  Default is `off', meaning to leave new displays
     unclustered.

 -- Resource: hideInactiveDisplays (class HideInactiveDisplays)
     If some display gets out of scope and this resource is `on'
     (default), DDD removes it from the data display.  If this is
     `off', it is simply disabled.

 -- Resource: showBaseDisplayTitles (class ShowDisplayTitles)
     Whether to assign titles to base (independent) displays or not.
     Default is `on'.

 -- Resource: showDependentDisplayTitles (class ShowDisplayTitles)
     Whether to assign titles to dependent displays or not.  Default is
     `off'.

 -- Resource: suppressTheme (class Theme)
     The theme to apply when selecting `Undisp' on a data value.
     Default is `suppress.vsl'.

 -- Resource: themes (class Themes)
     A newline-separated list of themes.  Each theme has the format
     NAME, tabulator character, PATTERN.

File: ddd.info,  Node: VSL Resources,  Prev: Display Resources,  Up: Customizing Displays

7.3.5.6 VSL Resources
.....................

The following resources control the VSL interpreter:

 -- Resource: vslBaseDefs (class VSLDefs)
     A string with additional VSL definitions that are appended to the
     builtin VSL library.  This resource is prepended to the `vslDefs'
     resource below and set in the DDD application defaults file; don't
     change it.

 -- Resource: vslDefs (class VSLDefs)
     A string with additional VSL definitions that are appended to the
     builtin VSL library.  The default value is an empty string.  This
     resource can be used to override specific VSL definitions that
     affect the data display.  The preferred method, though, is to
     write a specific data theme (*note Writing Data Themes::).

 -- Resource: vslLibrary (class VSLLibrary)
     The VSL library to use.  `builtin' (default) means to use the
     built-in library, any other value is used as file name.

 -- Resource: vslPath (class VSLPath)
     A colon-separated list of directories to search for VSL include
     files.  The following directory names are special:
        * The special directory name `user_themes' stands for your
          individual theme directory, typically `~/.ddd/themes/'.

        * The special directory name `ddd_themes' stands for the
          installed theme directory, typically
          `/usr/local/share/ddd-3.3.12-rc1/themes/'.
     Default is `user_themes:ddd_themes:.', which means that DDD first
     searches your theme directory, followed by the system directory
     and the current directory.

   If your DDD source distribution is installed in `/opt/src', you can
use the following settings to read the VSL library from
`/home/joe/ddd.vsl':

     Ddd*vslLibrary: /home/joe/ddd.vsl
     Ddd*vslPath:    user_themes:.:/opt/src/ddd/ddd:/opt/src/ddd/vsllib

   VSL include files referenced by `/home/joe/ddd.vsl' are searched
first in the current directory `.', then in your theme directory, then
in `/opt/src/ddd/ddd/', and then in `/opt/src/ddd/vsllib/'.

   Instead of supplying another VSL library, it is often easier to
specify some minor changes to the built-in library (*note Writing Data
Themes::).

File: ddd.info,  Node: Layouting the Graph,  Next: Printing the Graph,  Prev: Customizing Displays,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.6 Layouting the Graph
-------------------------

If you have several displays at once, you may wish to arrange them
according to your personal preferences.  This section tells you how you
can do this.

* Menu:

* Moving Displays::
* Scrolling Data::
* Aligning Displays::
* Automatic Layout::
* Rotating the Graph::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Moving Displays,  Next: Scrolling Data,  Up: Layouting the Graph

7.3.6.1 Moving Displays
.......................

From time to time, you may wish to move displays at another place in the
data window.  You can move a single display by pressing and holding
_mouse button 1_ on the display title.  Moving the pointer while
holding the button causes all selected displays to move along with the
pointer.

   Edge hints can be selected and moved around like other displays.  If
an arc goes through the edge hint, you can change the shape of the arc
by moving the edge hint around.

   For fine-grain movements, selected displays may also be moved using
the arrow keys.  Pressing <Shift> and an arrow key moves displays by
single pixels.  Pressing <Ctrl> and arrow keys moves displays by grid
positions.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Scrolling Data,  Next: Aligning Displays,  Prev: Moving Displays,  Up: Layouting the Graph

7.3.6.2 Scrolling Data
......................

If the data window becomes too small to hold all displays, scroll bars
are created.  If your DDD is set up to use _panners_ instead, a panner
is created in the lower right edge.  When the panner is moved around,
the window view follows the position of the panner.

   To change from scroll bars to panners, use `Edit => Startup => Data
Scrolling' and choose either `Panner' or `Scrollbars'.  

   This setting is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: pannedGraphEditor (class PannedGraphEditor)
     The control to scroll the graph.

        * If this is `on', an Athena panner is used (a kind of
          two-directional scrollbar).

        * If this is `off' (default), two M*tif scrollbars are used.

     *Note Options::, for the `--scrolled-graph-editor' and
     `--panned-graph-editor' options.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Aligning Displays,  Next: Automatic Layout,  Prev: Scrolling Data,  Up: Layouting the Graph

7.3.6.3 Aligning Displays
.........................

You can align all displays on the nearest grid position by selecting
`Data => Align on Grid'.  This is useful for keeping edges strictly
horizontal or vertical.

   You can enforce alignment by selecting `Edit => Preferences => Data
=> Auto-align Displays on Nearest Grid Point'.  If this feature is
enabled, displays can be moved on grid positions only.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Automatic Layout,  Next: Rotating the Graph,  Prev: Aligning Displays,  Up: Layouting the Graph

7.3.6.4 Automatic Layout
........................

You can layout the entire graph as a tree by selecting `Data => Layout
Graph'.  The layout direction is determined from the display placement
(*note Placement::) and from the last rotation (*note Rotating the
Graph::).

   Layouting the graph may introduce "edge hints"; that is, edges are
no more straight lines, but lead to an edge hint and from there to their
destination.  Edge hints can be moved around like arbitrary displays.

   To enable a more compact layout, you can set the `Edit =>
Preferences => Data => Compact Layout' option.  This realizes an
alternate layout algorithm, where successors are placed next to their
parents.  This algorithm is suitable for homogeneous data structures
only.

   You can enforce layout by setting `Edit => Preferences => Data =>
Automatic Layout'.  If automatic layout is enabled, the graph is
layouted after each change.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Rotating the Graph,  Prev: Automatic Layout,  Up: Layouting the Graph

7.3.6.5 Rotating the Graph
..........................

You can rotate the entire graph clockwise by 90 degrees by selecting
`Data => Rotate Graph'.  You may need to layout the graph after
rotating it; *Note Automatic Layout::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Printing the Graph,  Prev: Layouting the Graph,  Up: Displaying Values

7.3.7 Printing the Graph
------------------------

DDD allows for printing the graph picture on PostScript printers or
into files.  This is useful for documenting program states.

   To print the graph on a PostScript printer, select `File => Print
Graph'.  Enter the printing command in the `Print Command' field.
Click on the `OK' or the `Apply' button to start printing.

   As an alternative, you may also print the graph in a file.  Click on
the `File' button and enter the file name in the `File Name' field.
Click on the `Print' button to create the file.

   When the graph is printed in a file, two formats are available:

   * `PostScript'--suitable for enclosing the graph in another document;

   * `FIG'--suitable for post-processing, using the `xfig' graphic
     editor, or for conversion into other formats (among others, IBMGL,
     TeX, PIC), using the `transfig' or `fig2dev' programs.  

   Please note the following _caveats_ related to printing graphs:

   * If any displays were selected when invoking the `Print' dialog, the
     option `Selected Only' is set.  This makes DDD print only the
     selected displays.

   * The `Color', `Orientation', and `Paper Size' options are
     meaningful for PostScript only.

   These settings are tied to the following resources:

 -- Resource: printCommand (class PrintCommand)
     The command to print a PostScript file.  Usually `lp' or `lpr'.

 -- Resource: paperSize (class PaperSize)
     The paper size used for printing, in format `WIDTH x HEIGHT'.  The
     default is ISO A4 format, or `210mm x 297mm'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Plotting Values,  Next: Examining Memory,  Prev: Displaying Values,  Up: Examining Data

7.4 Plotting Values
===================

If you have huge amounts of numerical data to examine, a picture often
says more than a thousand numbers.  Therefore, DDD allows you to draw
numerical values in nice 2-D and 3-D plots.

* Menu:

* Plotting Arrays::             Plotting 1-D and 2-D arrays.
* Plot Appearance::             Controlling the appearance.
* Scalars and Composites::      Plotting simple values.
* Plotting Histories::          Plotting the history of a variable.
* Printing Plots::              Printing on paper.
* Entering Plotting Commands::  Raw Gnuplot commands.
* Exporting Plot Data::         Processing data outside of DDD
* Animating Plots::             Visualizing dynamic behaviour.
* Customizing Plots::           All at your leisure.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Plotting Arrays,  Next: Plot Appearance,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.1 Plotting Arrays
---------------------

Basically, DDD can plot two types of numerical values:

   * One-dimensional arrays.  These are drawn in a 2-D X/Y space, where
     X denotes the array index, and Y the element value.

   * Two-dimensional arrays.  These are drawn in a 3-D X/Y/Z space,
     where X and Y denote the array indexes, and Z the element value.

   To plot a fixed-size array, select its name by clicking _mouse
button 1_ on an occurrence.  The array name is copied to the argument
field.  By clicking the `Plot' button, a new display is created in the
data window, followed by a new top-level window containing the value
plot.

   To plot a dynamically sized array, you must use an array slice
(*note Array Slices::).  In the argument field, enter

     ARRAY[FIRST]@NELEMS

where ARRAY is the name of the array to display, FIRST is the index of
the first element, and NELEMS is the number of elements to display.
Then, click on `Plot' to start the plot.

   To plot a value, you can also enter a command at the debugger prompt:

     graph plot EXPR

works like `graph display EXPR' (and takes the same arguments; *note
Creating Single Displays::), but the value is additionally shown in the
plot window.

   Each time the value changes during program execution, the plot is
updated to reflect the current values.  The plot window remains active
until you close it (via `File => Close') or until the associated
display is deleted.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Plot Appearance,  Next: Scalars and Composites,  Prev: Plotting Arrays,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.2 Changing the Plot Appearance
----------------------------------

The actual drawing is not done by DDD itself.  Instead, DDD relies on
an external `gnuplot' program to create the drawing.

   DDD adds a menu bar to the Gnuplot plot window that lets you
influence the appearance of the plot:

   * The `View' menu toggles optional parts of the plot, such as border
     lines or a background grid.

   * The `Plot' menu changes the "plotting style".  The `3-D Lines'
     option is useful for plotting two-dimensional arrays.

   * The `Scale' menu allows you to enable logarithmic scaling and to
     enable or disable the scale tics.

   * The `Contour' menu adds contour lines to 3-D plots.  

   In a 3-D plot, you can use the scroll bars to change your view
position.  The horizontal scroll bar rotates the plot around the Z
axis, that is, to the left and right.  The vertical scroll bar rotates
the plot around the Y axis, that is, up and down.

   You can also resize the plot window as desired.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Scalars and Composites,  Next: Plotting Histories,  Prev: Plot Appearance,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.3 Plotting Scalars and Composites
-------------------------------------

Besides plotting arrays, DDD also allows you to plot scalars (simple
numerical values).  This works just like plotting arrays--you select
the numerical variable, click on `Plot', and here comes the plot.
However, plotting a scalar is not very exciting.  A plot that contains
nothing but a scalar simply draws the scalar's value as a Y
constant--that is, a horizontal line.

   So why care about scalars at all?  DDD allows you to combine
_multiple values into one plot._  The basic idea is: if you want to
plot something that is neither an array nor a scalar, DDD takes all
numerical sub-values it can find and plots them all together in one
window.  For instance, you can plot all local variables by selecting
`Data => Display Local Variables', followed by `Plot'.  This will
create a plot containing all numerical values as found in the current
local variables.  Likewise, you can plot all numeric members contained
in a structure by selecting it, followed by `Plot'.

   If you want more control about what to include in a plot and what
not, you can use _display clusters_ (*note Clustering::).  A common
scenario is to plot a one-dimensional array together with the current
index position.  This is done in three steps:

  1. Display the array and the index, using `Display'.

  2. Cluster both displays: select them and choose `Undisp => Cluster
     ()'.

  3. Plot the cluster by pressing `Plot'.

   Scalars that are displayed together with arrays can be displayed
either as vertical lines or horizontal lines.  By default, scalars are
plotted as horizontal lines.  However, if a scalar is a valid index for
an array that was previously plotted, it is shown as a vertical line.
You can change this initial orientation by selecting the scalar
display, followed by `Rotate'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Plotting Histories,  Next: Printing Plots,  Prev: Scalars and Composites,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.4 Plotting Display Histories
--------------------------------

At each program stop, DDD records the values of all displayed
variables, such that you can "undo" program execution (*note Undoing
Program Execution::).  These _display histories_ can be plotted, too.
The menu item `Plot => Plot history of ()' creates a plot that shows
all previously recorded values of the selected display.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Printing Plots,  Next: Entering Plotting Commands,  Prev: Plotting Histories,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.5 Printing Plots
--------------------

If you want to print the plot, select `File => Print Plot'.  This pops
up the DDD printing dialog, set up for printing plots.  Just as when
printing graphs, you have the choice between printing to a printer or a
file and setting up appropriate options.

   The actual printing is also performed by Gnuplot, using the
appropriate driver.  Please note the following _caveats_ related to
printing:

   * Creating `FIG' files requires an appropriate driver built into
     Gnuplot.  Your Gnuplot program may not contain such a driver.  In
     this case, you will have to recompile Gnuplot, including the line
     `#define FIG' in the Gnuplot `term.h' file.

   * The `Portrait' option generates an EPS file useful for inclusion
     in other documents.  The `Landscape' option makes DDD print the
     plot in the size specified in the `Paper Size' option; this is
     useful for printing on a printer.  In `Portrait' mode, the `Paper
     Size' option is ignored.

   * The Gnuplot device drivers for PostScript and X11 each have their
     own set of colors, such that the printed colors may differ from the
     displayed colors.

   * The `Selected Only' option is set by default, such that only the
     currently selected plot is printed.  (If you select multiple plots
     to be printed, the respective outputs will all be concatenated,
     which may not be what you desire.)  

File: ddd.info,  Node: Entering Plotting Commands,  Next: Exporting Plot Data,  Prev: Printing Plots,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.6 Entering Plotting Commands
--------------------------------

Via `File => Command', you can enter Gnuplot commands directly.  Each
command entered at the `gnuplot>' prompt is passed to Gnuplot, followed
by a Gnuplot `replot' command to update the view.  This is useful for
advanced Gnuplot tasks.

   Here's a simple example.  The Gnuplot command

     set xrange [XMIN:XMAX]

sets the horizontal range that will be displayed to XMIN...XMAX.  To
plot only the elements 10 to 20, enter:

     gnuplot> set xrange [10:20]
     gnuplot> _

   After each command entered, DDD adds a `replot' command, such that
the plot is updated automatically.

   Here's a more complex example.  The following sequence of Gnuplot
commands saves the plot in TeX format:

     gnuplot> set output "plot.tex" # Set the output filename
     gnuplot> set term latex        # Set the output format
     gnuplot> set term x11          # Show original picture again
     gnuplot> _

   Due to the implicit `replot' command, the output is automatically
written to `plot.tex' after the `set term latex' command.

   The dialog keeps track of the commands entered; use the arrow keys to
restore previous commands.  Gnuplot error messages (if any) are also
shown in the history area.

   The interaction between DDD and Gnuplot is logged in the file
`~/.ddd/log' (*note Logging::).  The DDD `--trace' option logs this
interaction on standard output.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Exporting Plot Data,  Next: Animating Plots,  Prev: Entering Plotting Commands,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.7 Exporting Plot Data
-------------------------

If you want some external program to process the plot data (a
stand-alone Gnuplot program or the `xmgr' program, for instance), you
can save the plot data in a file, using `File => Save Data As'.  This
pops up a dialog that lets you choose a data file to save the plotted
data in.

   The generated file starts with a few comment lines.  The actual data
follows in X/Y or X/Y/Z format.  It is the same file as processed by
Gnuplot.


File: ddd.info,  Node: Animating Plots,  Next: Customizing Plots,  Prev: Exporting Plot Data,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.8 Animating Plots
---------------------

If you want to see how your data evolves in time, you can set a
breakpoint whose command sequence ends in a `cont' command (*note
Breakpoint Commands::.  Each time this "continue" breakpoint is
reached, the program stops and DDD updates the displayed values,
including the plots.  Then, DDD executes the breakpoint command
sequence, resuming execution.

   This way, you can set a "continue" breakpoint at some decisive point
within an array-processing algorithm and have DDD display the progress
graphically.  When your program has stopped for good, you can use
`Undo' and `Redo' to redisplay and examine previous program states.
*Note Undoing Program Execution::, for details.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Plots,  Prev: Animating Plots,  Up: Plotting Values

7.4.9 Customizing Plots
-----------------------

You can customize the Gnuplot program to invoke, as well as a number of
basic settings.

* Menu:

* Gnuplot Invocation::
* Gnuplot Settings::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Gnuplot Invocation,  Next: Gnuplot Settings,  Up: Customizing Plots

7.4.9.1 Gnuplot Invocation
..........................

Using `Edit => Preferences => Helpers => Plot', you can choose the
Gnuplot program to invoke.  This is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: plotCommand (class PlotCommand)
     The name of a Gnuplot executable.  Default is `gnuplot', followed
     by some options to set up colors and the initial geometry.

   Using `Edit => Preferences => Helpers => Plot Window', you can
choose whether to use the Gnuplot plot window (`External') or to use
the plot window supplied by DDD (`builtin').  This is tied to the
following resource:

 -- Resource: plotTermType (class PlotTermType)
     The Gnuplot terminal type.  Can have one of two values:
        * If this is `x11', DDD "swallows" the _external_ Gnuplot
          output window into its own user interface.  Some window
          managers, notably `mwm', have trouble with swallowing
          techniques.

        * Setting this resource to `xlib' (default) makes DDD provide a
          _builtin plot window_ instead.  In this mode, plots work well
          with any window manager, but are less customizable (Gnuplot
          resources are not understood).

   You can further control interaction with the external plot window:

 -- Resource: plotWindowClass (class PlotWindowClass)
     The class of the Gnuplot output window.  When invoking Gnuplot,
     DDD waits for a window with this class and incorporates it into
     its own user interface (unless `plotTermType' is `xlib'; see
     above).  Default is `Gnuplot'.

 -- Resource: plotWindowDelay (class WindowDelay)
     The time (in ms) to wait for the creation of the Gnuplot window.
     Before this delay, DDD looks at each newly created window to see
     whether this is the plot window to swallow.  This is cheap, but
     unfortunately, some window managers do not pass the creation event
     to DDD.  If this delay has passed, and DDD has not found the plot
     window, DDD searches _all_ existing windows, which is pretty
     expensive.  Default time is `2000'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Gnuplot Settings,  Prev: Gnuplot Invocation,  Up: Customizing Plots

7.4.9.2 Gnuplot Settings
........................

To change Gnuplot settings, use these resources:

 -- Resource: plotInitCommands (class PlotInitCommands)
     The initial Gnuplot commands issued by DDD.  Default is:

          set parametric
          set urange [0:1]
          set vrange [0:1]
          set trange [0:1]

     The `parametric' setting is required to make Gnuplot understand the
     data files as generated DDD.  The range commands are used to plot
     scalars.

   See the Gnuplot documentation for additional commands.

 -- Resource: plot2dSettings (class PlotSettings)
     Additional initial settings for 2-D plots.  Default is `set
     noborder'.  Feel free to customize these settings as desired.

 -- Resource: plot3dSettings (class PlotSettings)
     Additional initial settings for 3-D plots.  Default is `set
     border'.  Feel free to customize these settings as desired.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Examining Memory,  Prev: Plotting Values,  Up: Examining Data

7.5 Examining Memory
====================

Using GDB or DBX, you can examine memory in any of several formats,
independently of your program's data types.  The item `Data => Memory'
pops up a panel where you can choose the format to be shown.

   In the panel, you can enter

   * a "repeat count", a decimal integer that specifies how much memory
     (counting by units) to display

   * a "display format"--one of

    `octal'
          Print as integer in octal

    `hex'
          Regard the bits of the value as an integer, and print the
          integer in hexadecimal.

    `decimal'
          Print as integer in signed decimal.

    `unsigned'
          Print as integer in unsigned decimal.

    `binary'
          Print as integer in binary.

    `float'
          Regard the bits of the value as a floating point number and
          print using typical floating point syntax.

    `address'
          Print as an address, both absolute in hexadecimal and as an
          offset from the nearest preceding symbol.

    `instruction'
          Print as machine instructions.  The unit size is ignored for
          this display format.

    `char'
          Regard as an integer and print it as a character constant.

    `string'
          Print as null-terminated string.  The unit size is ignored
          for this display format.

   * a "unit size"--one of

    `bytes'
          Bytes.

    `halfwords'
          Halfwords (two bytes).

    `words'
          Words (four bytes).

    `giants'
          Giant words (eight bytes).

   * an "address"--the starting display address.  The expression need
     not have a pointer value (though it may); it is always interpreted
     as an integer address of a byte of memory.

   There are two ways to examine the values:

   * You can dump the memory in the debugger console (using `Print').
     If you repeat the resulting `x' command by pressing <Return> in
     the debugger console (*note Command History::), the following area
     of memory is shown.

   * You can also display the memory dump in the data window (using
     `Display').  If you choose to display the values, the values will
     be updated automatically each time the program stop.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Machine-Level Debugging,  Next: Changing the Program,  Prev: Examining Data,  Up: Top

8 Machine-Level Debugging
*************************

Sometimes, it is desirable to examine a program not only at the source
level, but also at the machine level.  DDD provides special machine
code and register windows for this task.

* Menu:

* Machine Code::                Examining machine code.
* Machine Code Execution::      Stepping across instructions.
* Registers::                   Examining registers.
* Customizing Machine Code::    Settings.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Machine Code,  Next: Machine Code Execution,  Up: Machine-Level Debugging

8.1 Examining Machine Code
==========================

To enable machine-level support, select `Source => Display Machine
Code'.  With machine code enabled, an additional _machine code window_
shows up, displaying the machine code of the current function.(1)  By
moving the sash at the right of the separating line between source and
machine code, you can resize the source and machine code windows.

   The machine code window works very much like the source window.  You
can set, clear, and change breakpoints by selecting the address and
pressing a `Break' or `Clear' button; the usual popup menus are also
available.  Breakpoints and the current execution position are displayed
simultaneously in both source and machine code.

   The `Lookup' button can be used to look up the machine code for a
specific function--or the function for a specific address.  Just click
on the location in one window and press `Lookup' to see the
corresponding code in the other window.

   If source code is not available, only the machine code window is
updated.

   You can customize various aspects of the disassembling window.
*Note Customizing Machine Code::, for details.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) The machine code window is available with GDB and some DBX
variants only.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Machine Code Execution,  Next: Registers,  Prev: Machine Code,  Up: Machine-Level Debugging

8.2 Machine Code Execution
==========================

All execution facilities available in the source code window are
available in the machine code window as well.  Two special facilities
are convenient for machine-level debugging:

   To execute just one machine instruction, click on the `Stepi' button
or select `Program => Step Instruction'.

   To continue to the next instruction in the current function, click on
the `Nexti' button select `Program => Next Instruction'..  This is
similar to `Stepi', but any subroutine calls are executed without
stopping.

   Using GDB, it is often useful to do

     graph display /i $pc

when stepping by machine instructions.  This makes DDD automatically
display the next instruction to be executed, each time your program
stops.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Registers,  Next: Customizing Machine Code,  Prev: Machine Code Execution,  Up: Machine-Level Debugging

8.3 Examining Registers
=======================

DDD provides a _register window_ showing the machine register values
after each program stop.  To enable the register window, select `Status
=> Registers'.(1)

   By selecting one of the registers, its name is copied to the argument
field.  You can use it as value for `Display', for instance, to have
its value displayed in the data window.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) The machine code window is available with GDB and some DBX
variants only.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Machine Code,  Prev: Registers,  Up: Machine-Level Debugging

8.4 Customizing Machine Code
============================

Enabling machine code via `Source => Display Machine Code' (*note
Machine Code::) toggles the following resource:

 -- Resource: disassemble (class Disassemble)
     If this is `on', the source code is automatically disassembled.
     The default is `off'.  *Note Options::, for the `--disassemble'
     and `--no-disassemble' options.

   You can keep disassembled code in memory, using `Edit => Preferences
=> Source => Cache Machine Code':

 -- Resource: cacheMachineCode (class CacheMachineCode)
     Whether to cache disassembled machine code (`on', default) or not
     (`off').  Caching machine code requires more memory, but makes DDD
     run faster.

   You can control the indentation of machine code, using `Edit =>
Preferences => Source => Machine Code Indentation':

 -- Resource: indentCode (class Indent)
     The number of columns to indent the machine code, such that there
     is enough place to display breakpoint locations.  Default: `4'.

   The `maxDisassemble' resource controls how much is to be
disassembled.  If `maxDisassemble' is set to 256 (default) and the
current function is larger than 256 bytes, DDD only disassembles the
first 256 bytes below the current location.  You can set the
`maxDisassemble' resource to a larger value if you prefer to have a
larger machine code view.

 -- Resource: maxDisassemble (class MaxDisassemble)
     Maximum number of bytes to disassemble (default: `256').  If this
     is zero, the entire current function is disassembled.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Changing the Program,  Next: Commands,  Prev: Machine-Level Debugging,  Up: Top

9 Changing the Program
**********************

DDD offers some basic facilities to edit and recompile the source code,
as well as patching executables and core files.

* Menu:

* Editing Source Code::         You can invoke a source editor from DDD.
* Recompiling::                 Invoking `make' from within DDD.
* Patching::                    Changing source and object code.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Editing Source Code,  Next: Recompiling,  Up: Changing the Program

9.1 Editing Source Code
=======================

In DDD itself, you cannot change the source file currently displayed.
Instead, DDD allows you to invoke a _text editor_.  To invoke a text
editor for the current source file, select the `Edit' button or `Source
=> Edit Source'.

   By default, DDD tries a number of common editors.  You can customize
DDD to use your favorite editor; *Note Customizing Editing::, for
details.

   After the editor has exited, the source code shown is automatically
updated.

   If you have DDD and an editor running in parallel, you can also
update the source code manually via `Source => Reload Source'.  This
reloads the source code shown from the source file.  Since DDD
automatically reloads the source code if the debugged program has been
recompiled, this should seldom be necessary.

* Menu:

* Customizing Editing::
* In-Place Editing::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Editing,  Next: In-Place Editing,  Up: Editing Source Code

9.1.1 Customizing Editing
-------------------------

You can customize the editor to be used via `Edit => Preferences =>
Helpers => Edit Sources'.  This is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: editCommand (class EditCommand)
     A command string to invoke an editor on the specific file.
     `@LINE@' is replaced by the current line number, `@FILE@' by the
     file name.  The default is to invoke `$XEDITOR' first, then
     `$EDITOR', then `vi':

          Ddd*editCommand: \
          ${XEDITOR-false} +@LINE@ @FILE@ || \
          xterm -e ${EDITOR-vi} +@LINE@ @FILE@

   This `~/.ddd/init' setting invokes an editing session for an XEmacs
editor running `gnuserv':

     Ddd*editCommand: gnuclient +@LINE@ @FILE@

   This `~/.ddd/init' setting invokes an editing session for an Emacs
editor running `emacsserver':

     Ddd*editCommand: emacsclient +@LINE@ @FILE@

File: ddd.info,  Node: In-Place Editing,  Prev: Customizing Editing,  Up: Editing Source Code

9.1.2 In-Place Editing
----------------------

This resource is experimental:

 -- Resource: sourceEditing (class SourceEditing)
     If this is `on', the displayed source code becomes editable.  This
     is an experimental feature; Default is `off'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Recompiling,  Next: Patching,  Prev: Editing Source Code,  Up: Changing the Program

9.2 Recompiling
===============

To recompile the source code using `make', you can select `File =>
Make'.  This pops up a dialog where you can enter a _Make
Target_--typically the name of the executable.  Clicking on the `Make'
button invokes the `make' program with the given target.

   The `Make' button on the command tool re-invokes `make' with the
most recently given arguments.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Patching,  Prev: Recompiling,  Up: Changing the Program

9.3 Patching
============

Using GDB, you can open your program's executable code (and the core
file) for both reading and writing.  This allows alterations to machine
code, such that you can intentionally patch your program's binary.  For
example, you might want to turn on internal debugging flags, or even to
make emergency repairs.

   Note that depending on your operating system, special preparation
steps, such as setting permissions, may be needed before you can change
executable files.

   To patch the binary, enable `Edit => GDB Settings => Writing into
executable and core files'.  This makes GDB open executable and core
files for both reading and writing.  If you have already loaded a file,
you must load it again (using `Edit => Open File' or `Edit => Open
Core'), for your new setting to take effect.

   Be sure to turn off `Writing into executable and core files' as soon
as possible, to prevent accidental alterations to machine code.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Commands,  Next: Application Defaults,  Prev: Changing the Program,  Up: Top

10 The Command-Line Interface
*****************************

All the buttons you click within DDD get eventually translated into
some debugger command, shown in the debugger console.  You can also
type in and edit these commands directly.

* Menu:

* Entering Commands::           Direct interaction with the inferior debugger.
* TTY mode::                    Controlling DDD from a terminal.
* Integrating DDD::          DDD and your programming environment.
* Defining Buttons::            Add your own DDD buttons.
* Defining Commands::           Add your own DDD commands.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Entering Commands,  Next: TTY mode,  Up: Commands

10.1 Entering Commands
======================

In the _debugger console_, you can interact with the command interface
of the inferior debugger.  Enter commands at the _debugger
prompt_--that is, `(gdb)' for GDB, `bashdb<>' for Bash, `(dbx)' for DBX,
`>' `THREAD[DEPTH]' for JDB, `(ladebug)' for Ladebug, `mdb<>' for the
GNU Make debugger, `DB<>' for Perl, `(Pydb)' for `pydb', or `>' for XDB.
You can use arbitrary debugger commands; use the <Return> key to enter
them.

* Menu:

* Command Completion::          Using the <TAB> key.
* Command History::             Repeating previous commands.
* Typing in the Source Window::

File: ddd.info,  Node: Command Completion,  Next: Command History,  Up: Entering Commands

10.1.1 Command Completion
-------------------------

When using GDB or Perl, you can use the <TAB> key for _completing_
commands and arguments.  This works in the debugger console as well as
in all other text windows.

   GDB can fill in the rest of a word in a command for you, if there is
only one possibility; it can also show you what the valid possibilities
are for the next word in a command, at any time.  This works for GDB
commands, GDB subcommands, and the names of symbols in your program.

   Press the <TAB> key whenever you want GDB to fill out the rest of a
word.  If there is only one possibility, GDB fills in the word, and
waits for you to finish the command (or press <RET> to enter it).  For
example, if you type
     (gdb) info bre_<TAB>

GDB fills in the rest of the word `breakpoints', since that is the only
`info' subcommand beginning with `bre':

     (gdb) info breakpoints

You can either press <RET> at this point, to run the `info breakpoints'
command, or backspace and enter something else, if `breakpoints' does
not look like the command you expected.  (If you were sure you wanted
`info breakpoints' in the first place, you might as well just type
<RET> immediately after `info bre', to exploit command abbreviations
rather than command completion).

   If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you
press <TAB>, DDD sounds a bell.  You can either supply more characters
and try again, or just press <TAB> a second time; GDB displays all the
possible completions for that word.  For example, you might want to set
a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name begins with `make_', but when
you type `b make_<TAB>', DDD just sounds the bell.  Typing <TAB> again
displays all the function names in your program that begin with those
characters.  If you type <TAB> again, you cycle through the list of
completions, for example:

     (gdb) b make_ <TAB>
DDD sounds bell; press <TAB> again, to see:
     make_a_section_from_file     make_environ
     make_abs_section             make_function_type
     make_blockvector             make_pointer_type
     make_cleanup                 make_reference_type
     make_command                 make_symbol_completion_list
     (gdb) b make_ <TAB>
DDD presents one expansion after the other:
     (gdb) b make_a_section_from_file <TAB>
     (gdb) b make_abs_section <TAB>
     (gdb) b make_blockvector <TAB>

After displaying the available possibilities, GDB copies your partial
input (`b make_' in the example) so you can finish the command--by
pressing <TAB> again, or by entering the remainder manually.

   Sometimes the string you need, while logically a "word", may contain
parentheses or other characters that GDB normally excludes from its
notion of a word.  To permit word completion to work in this situation,
you may enclose words in `'' (single quote marks) in GDB commands.

   The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the
name of a C++ function.  This is because C++ allows function overloading
(multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished by argument
type).  For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you may need to
distinguish whether you mean the version of `name' that takes an `int'
parameter, `name(int)', or the version that takes a `float' parameter,
`name(float)'.  To use the word-completion facilities in this
situation, type a single quote `'' at the beginning of the function
name.  This alerts GDB that it may need to consider more information
than usual when you press <TAB> to request word completion:

     (gdb) b 'bubble(_<TAB>
     bubble(double,double)    bubble(int,int)
     (gdb) b 'bubble(_

   In some cases, DDD can tell that completing a name requires using
quotes.  When this happens, DDD inserts the quote for you (while
completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first
place:

     (gdb) b bub_<TAB>
DDD alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell:
     (gdb) b 'bubble(_

In general, DDD can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if you
have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for
completion on an overloaded symbol.

   If you prefer to use the <TAB> key for switching between items,
unset `Edit => Preferences => General => TAB Key completes in All
Windows'.  This is useful if you have pointer-driven keyboard focus
(see below) and no special usage for the <TAB> key.  If the option is
set, the <TAB> key completes in the debugger console only.

   This option is tied to the following resource:

 -- Resource: globalTabCompletion (class GlobalTabCompletion)
     If this is `on' (default), the <TAB> key completes arguments in
     all windows.  If this is `off', the <TAB> key completes arguments
     in the debugger console only.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Command History,  Next: Typing in the Source Window,  Prev: Command Completion,  Up: Entering Commands

10.1.2 Command History
----------------------

You can _repeat_ previous and next commands by pressing the <Up> and
<Down> arrow keys, respectively.  This presents you previous and later
commands on the command line; use <Return> to apply the current command.

   If you enter an empty line (just use <Return> at the debugger
prompt), the last command is repeated as well.

   `Commands => Command History' shows the command history.

   You can _search_ for previous commands by pressing <Ctrl+B>.  This
invokes _incremental search mode,_ where you can enter a string to be
searched in previous commands.  Press <Ctrl+B> again to repeat the
search, or <Ctrl+F> to search in the reverse direction.  To return to
normal mode, press <ESC>, or use any cursor command.

   The command history is automatically saved when exiting DDD.  You
can turn off this feature by setting the following resource to `off':

 -- Resource: saveHistoryOnExit (class SaveOnExit)
     If `on' (default), the command history is automatically saved when
     DDD exits.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Typing in the Source Window,  Prev: Command History,  Up: Entering Commands

10.1.3 Typing in the Source Window
----------------------------------

As a special convenience, anything you type into the source window is
automatically forwarded to the debugger console.  Thus, you don't have
to change the keyboard focus explicitly in order to enter commands.

   You can change this behaviour using the following resource:

 -- Resource: consoleHasFocus (class ConsoleHasFocus)
     If `on' (default), all keyboard events in the source window are
     automatically forwarded to the debugger console.  If `off',
     keyboard events are not forwarded.  If `auto', keyboard events
     forwarded only if the debugger console is open.

File: ddd.info,  Node: TTY mode,  Next: Integrating DDD,  Prev: Entering Commands,  Up: Commands

10.2 Entering Commands at the TTY
=================================

Rather than entering commands at the debugger console, you may prefer to
enter commands at the terminal window DDD was invoked from.

   When DDD is invoked using the `--tty' option, it enables its _TTY
interface_, taking additional debugger commands from standard input and
forwarding debugger output to standard output, just as if the inferior
debugger had been invoked directly.  All remaining DDD functionality
stays unchanged.

   By default, the debugger console remains closed if DDD is invoked
using the `--tty' option.  Use `View => Debugger Console' to open it.

   DDD can be configured to use the `readline' library for reading in
commands from standard input.  This GNU library provides consistent
behavior for programs which provide a command line interface to the
user.  Advantages are GNU Emacs-style or "vi"-style inline editing of
commands, `csh'-like history substitution, and a storage and recall of
command history across debugging sessions.  *Note Command Line Editing:
(gdb)Command Line Editing, for details on command-line editing via the
TTY interface.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Integrating DDD,  Next: Defining Buttons,  Prev: TTY mode,  Up: Commands

10.3 Integrating DDD
====================

You can run DDD as an inferior debugger in other debugger front-ends,
combining their special abilities with those of DDD.

   To have DDD run as an inferior debugger in other front-ends, the
general idea is to set up your debugger front-end such that `ddd --tty'
is invoked instead of the inferior debugger.  When DDD is invoked using
the `--tty' option, it enables its _TTY interface_, taking additional
debugger commands from standard input and forwarding debugger output to
standard output, just as if the inferior debugger had been invoked
directly.  All remaining DDD functionality stays unchanged.

   In case your debugger front-end uses the GDB `-fullname' option to
have GDB report source code positions, the `--tty' option is not
required.  DDD recognizes the `-fullname' option, finds that it has
been invoked from a debugger front-end and automatically enables the
TTY interface.

   If DDD is invoked with the `-fullname' option, the debugger console
and the source window are initially disabled, as their facilities are
supposed to be provided by the integrating front-end.  In case of need,
you can use the `View' menu to re-enable these windows.

10.3.1 Using DDD with Emacs
---------------------------

To integrate DDD with Emacs, use `M-x gdb' or `M-x dbx' in Emacs to
start a debugging session.  At the prompt, enter `ddd --tty' (followed
by `--dbx' or `--gdb', if required), and the name of the program to be
debugged.  Proceed as usual.

10.3.2 Using DDD with XEmacs
----------------------------

To integrate DDD with XEmacs, set the variable `gdb-command-name' to
`"ddd"', by inserting the following line in your `~/.emacs' file:

     (setq gdb-command-name "ddd")

   You can also evaluate this expression by pressing <ESC> <:> and
entering it directly (<ESC> <ESC> for XEmacs 19.13 and earlier).

   To start a DDD debugging session in XEmacs, use `M-x gdb' or `M-x
gdbsrc'.  Proceed as usual.

10.3.3 Using DDD with XXGDB
---------------------------

To integrate DDD with XXGDB, invoke `xxgdb' as

     xxgdb -db_name ddd -db_prompt '(gdb) '

File: ddd.info,  Node: Defining Buttons,  Next: Defining Commands,  Prev: Integrating DDD,  Up: Commands

10.4 Defining Buttons
=====================

To facilitate interaction, you can add own command buttons to DDD.
These buttons can be added below the debugger console (`Console
Buttons'), the source window (`Source Buttons'), or the data window
(`Data Buttons').

   To define individual buttons, use the _Button Editor_, invoked via
`Commands => Edit Buttons'.  The button editor displays a text, where
each line contains the command for exactly one button.  Clicking on
`OK' creates the appropriate buttons from the text.  If the text is
empty (the default), no button is created.

   As a simple example, assume you want to create a `print i' button.
Invoke `Commands => Edit Buttons' and enter a line saying `print i' in
the button editor.  Then click on `OK'.  A button named `Print i' will
now appear below the debugger console--try it!  To remove the button,
reopen the button editor, clear the `print i' line and press `OK' again.

   If a button command contains `()', the string `()' will
automatically be replaced by the contents of the argument field.  For
instance, a button named `return ()' will execute the GDB `return'
command with the current content of the argument field as argument.

   By default, DDD disables buttons whose commands are not supported by
the inferior debugger.  To enable such buttons, unset the `Enable
supported buttons only' toggle in the button editor.

   DDD also allows you to specify control sequences and special labels
for user-defined buttons.  *Note Customizing Buttons::, for details.

* Menu:

* Customizing Buttons::         Adding your own command buttons.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Buttons,  Up: Defining Buttons

10.4.1 Customizing Buttons
--------------------------

DDD allows defining additional command buttons; *Note Defining
Buttons::, for doing this interactively.  This section describes the
resources that control user-defined buttons.

 -- Resource: consoleButtons (class Buttons)
     A newline-separated list of buttons to be added under the debugger
     console.  Each button issues the command given by its name.

     The following characters have special meanings:
        * Commands ending with `...' insert their name, followed by a
          space, in the debugger console.

        * Commands ending with a control character (that is, `^'
          followed by a letter or `?') insert the given control
          character.

        * The string `()' is replaced by the current contents of the
          argument field `()'.

        * The string specified in the `labelDelimiter' resource (usually
          `//') separates the command name from the button label.  If no
          button label is specified, the capitalized command will be
          used as button label.

     The following button names are reserved:

    `Apply'
          Send the given command to the debugger.

    `Back'
          Lookup previously selected source position.

    `Clear'
          Clear current command

    `Complete'
          Complete current command.

    `Edit'
          Edit current source file.

    `Forward'
          Lookup next selected source position.

    `Make'
          Invoke the `make' program, using the most recently given
          arguments.

    `Next'
          Show next command

    `No'
          Answer current debugger prompt with `no'.  This button is
          visible only if the debugger asks a yes/no question.

    `Prev'
          Show previous command

    `Reload'
          Reload source file.

    `Yes'
          Answer current debugger prompt with `yes'.  This button is
          visible only if the debugger asks a yes/no question.

     The default resource value is empty--no console buttons are
     created.

     Here are some examples to insert into your `~/.ddd/init' file.
     These are the settings of DDD 1.x:
          Ddd*consoleButtons: Yes\nNo\nbreak^C

     This setting creates some more buttons:
            Ddd*consoleButtons: \
            Yes\nNo\nrun\nClear\nPrev\nNext\nApply\nbreak^C

     See also the `dataButtons', `sourceButtons' and `toolButtons'
     resources.

 -- Resource: dataButtons (class Buttons)
     A newline-separated list of buttons to be added under the data
     display.  Each button issues the command given by its name.  See
     the `consoleButtons' resource, above, for details on button syntax.

     The default resource value is empty--no source buttons are created.

 -- Resource: sourceButtons (class Buttons)
     A newline-separated list of buttons to be added under the debugger
     console.  Each button issues the command given by its name.  See
     the `consoleButtons' resource, above, for details on button syntax.

     The default resource value is empty--no source buttons are created.

     Here are some example to insert into your `~/.ddd/init' file.
     These are the settings of DDD 1.x:

          Ddd*sourceButtons: \
            run\nstep\nnext\nstepi\nnexti\ncont\n\
            finish\nkill\nup\ndown\n\
            Back\nForward\nEdit\ninterrupt^C

     This setting creates some buttons which are not found on the
     command tool:

            Ddd*sourceButtons: \
            print *()\ngraph display *()\nprint /x ()\n\
            whatis ()\nptype ()\nwatch ()\nuntil\nshell

     An even more professional setting uses customized button labels.

            Ddd*sourceButtons: \
            print *(()) // Print *()\n\
            graph display *(()) // Display *()\n\
            print /x ()\n\
            whatis () // What is ()\n\
            ptype ()\n\
            watch ()\n\
            until\n\
            shell

     See also the `consoleButtons' and `dataButtons' resources, above,
     and the `toolButtons' resource, below.

 -- Resource: toolButtons (class Buttons)
     A newline-separated list of buttons to be included in the command
     tool or the command tool bar (*note Disabling the Command Tool::).
     Each button issues the command given by its name.  *Note Defining
     Buttons::, for details on button syntax.

     The default resource value is

          Ddd*toolButtons: \
          run\nbreak^C\nstep\nstepi\nnext\nnexti\n\
          until\nfinish\ncont\n\kill\n\
          up\ndown\nBack\nForward\nEdit\nMake

     For each button, its location in the command tool must be specified
     using `XmForm' constraint resources.  See the `Ddd' application
     defaults file for instructions.

     If the `toolButtons' resource value is empty, the command tool is
     not created.

   The following resources set up button details:

 -- Resource: labelDelimiter (class LabelDelimiter)
     The string used to separate labels from commands and shortcuts.
     Default is `//'.

 -- Resource: verifyButtons (class VerifyButtons)
     If `on' (default), verify for each button whether its command is
     actually supported by the inferior debugger.  If the command is
     unknown, the button is disabled.  If this resource is `off', no
     checking is done: all commands are accepted "as is".

File: ddd.info,  Node: Defining Commands,  Prev: Defining Buttons,  Up: Commands

10.5 Defining Commands
======================

Aside from breakpoint commands (*note Breakpoint Commands::), DDD also
allows you to define user-defined commands.  A _user-defined command_
is a sequence of commands to which you assign a new name as a command.
This new command can be entered at the debugger prompt or invoked via a
button.

* Menu:

* GDB Simple Commands::
* GDB Argument Commands::
* Commands with Other Debuggers::

File: ddd.info,  Node: GDB Simple Commands,  Next: GDB Argument Commands,  Up: Defining Commands

10.5.1 Defining Simple Commands using GDB
-----------------------------------------

Aside from breakpoint commands (see `Breakpoint commands', above), DDD
also allows you to store sequences of commands as a user-defined GDB
command.  A _user-defined command_ is a sequence of GDB commands to
which you assign a new name as a command.  Using DDD, this is done via
the _Command Editor_, invoked via `Commands => Define Command'.

   A GDB command is created in five steps:

  1. Enter the name of the command in the `Command' field.  Use the
     drop-down list on the right to select from already defined
     commands.

  2. Click on `Record' to begin the recording of the command sequence.

  3. Now interact with DDD.  While recording, DDD does not execute
     commands, but simply records them to be executed when the
     breakpoint is hit.  The recorded debugger commands are shown in the
     debugger console.

  4. To stop the recording, click on `End' or enter `end' at the GDB
     prompt.  To _cancel_ the recording, click on `Interrupt' or press
     <ESC>.

  5. Click on `Edit >>' to edit the recorded commands.  When done with
     editing, click on `Edit <<' to close the commands editor.

   After the command is defined, you can enter it at the GDB prompt.
You may also click on `Execute' to test the given user-defined command.

   For convenience, you can assign a button to the defined command.
Enabling one of the `Button' locations will add a button with the given
command to the specified location.  If you want to edit the button,
select `Commands => Edit Buttons'.  *Note Defining Buttons::, for a
discussion.

   When user-defined GDB commands are executed, the commands of the
definition are not printed.  An error in any command stops execution of
the user-defined command.(1)

   If used interactively, commands that would ask for confirmation
proceed without asking when used inside a user-defined command.  Many
GDB commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing
omit the messages when used in a user-defined command.

   Command definitions are saved across DDD sessions.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) If you use DDD commands within command definitions, or if you
include debugger commands that resume execution, these commands will be
realized transparently as "auto-commands"--that is, they won't be
executed directly by the inferior debugger, but result in a command
string being sent to DDD.  This command string is then interpreted by
DDD and sent back to the inferior debugger, possibly prefixed by some
other commands such that DDD can update its state.  *Note Commands with
Other Debuggers::, for a discussion.

File: ddd.info,  Node: GDB Argument Commands,  Next: Commands with Other Debuggers,  Prev: GDB Simple Commands,  Up: Defining Commands

10.5.2 Defining Argument Commands using GDB
-------------------------------------------

If you want to pass arguments to user-defined commands, you can enable
the `()' toggle button in the Command Editor.  Enabling `()' has two
effects:

   * While recording commands, all references to the argument field are
     taken _symbolically_ instead of literally.  The argument field
     value is frozen to `$arg0', which is how GDB denotes the argument
     of a user-defined command.  When GDB executes the command, it will
     replace `$arg0' by the current command argument.

   * When assigning a button to the command, the command will be
     suffixed by the current contents of the argument field.

   While defining a command, you can toggle the `()' button as you wish
to switch between using the argument field symbolically and literally.

   As an example, let us define a command `contuntil' that will set a
breakpoint in the given argument and continue execution.

  1. Enter `contuntil' in the `Command' field.

  2. Enable the `()' toggle button.

  3. Now click on `Record' to start recording.  Note that the contents
     of the argument field change to `$arg0'.

  4. Click on `Break at ()' to create a breakpoint.  Note that the
     recorded breakpoint command refers to `$arg0'.

  5. Click on `Cont' to continue execution.

  6. Click on `End' to end recording.  Note that the argument field is
     restored to its original value.

  7. Finally, click on one of the `Button' locations.  This creates a
     `Contuntil ()' button where `()' will be replaced by the current
     contents of the argument field--and thus passed to the `contuntil'
     command.

  8. You can now either use the `Contuntil ()' button or enter a
     `contuntil' command at the GDB prompt.  (If you plan to use the
     command frequently, you may wish to define a `cu' command, which
     again calls `contuntil' with its argument.  This is a nice
     exercise.)

   There is a little drawback with argument commands: a user-defined
command in GDB has no means to access the argument list as a whole; only
the first argument (up to whitespace) is processed.  This may change in
future GDB releases.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Commands with Other Debuggers,  Prev: GDB Argument Commands,  Up: Defining Commands

10.5.3 Defining Commands using Other Debuggers
----------------------------------------------

If your inferior debugger allows you to define own command sequences,
you can also use these user-defined commands within DDD; just enter
them at the debugger prompt.

   However, you may encounter some problems:

   * In contrast to the well-documented commands of the inferior
     debugger, DDD does not know what a user-defined command does.
     This may lead to inconsistencies between DDD and the inferior
     debugger.  For instance, if your the user-defined command `bp'
     sets a breakpoint, DDD may not display it immediately, because DDD
     does not know that `bp' changes the breakpoint state.

   * You cannot use DDD `graph' commands within user-defined commands.
     This is only natural, because user-defined commands are
     interpreted by the inferior debugger, which does not know about
     DDD commands.

   As a solution, DDD provides a simple facility called
"auto-commands".  If DDD receives any output from the inferior debugger
in the form `PREFIX COMMAND', it will interpret COMMAND as if it had
been entered at the debugger prompt.  PREFIX is a user-defined string,
for example `ddd: '.

   Suppose you want to define a command `gd' that serves as
abbreviation for `graph display'.  All the command `gd' has to do is to
issue a string

     ddd: graph display ARGUMENT

   where ARGUMENT is the argument given to `gd'.  Using GDB, this can
be achieved using the `echo' command.  In your `~/.gdbinit' file,
insert the lines

     define gd
       echo ddd: graph display $arg0\n
     end

   To complete the setting, you must also set the `autoCommandPrefix'
resource to the `ddd: ' prefix you gave in your command.  In
`~/.ddd/init', write:

     Ddd*autoCommandPrefix: ddd:\

(Be sure to leave a space after the trailing backslash.)

   Entering `gd foo' will now have the same effect as entering `graph
display foo' at the debugger prompt.

   Please note: In your commands, you should choose some other prefix
than `ddd: '.  This is because auto-commands raise a security problem,
since arbitrary commands can be executed.  Just imagine some malicious
program issuing a string like `PREFIX shell rm -fr ~' when being
debugged!  As a consequence, be sure to choose your own PREFIX; it must
be at least three characters long.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Application Defaults,  Next: Bugs,  Prev: Commands,  Up: Top

Appendix A Application Defaults
*******************************

Like any good X citizen, DDD comes with a large application-defaults
file named `Ddd'.  This appendix documents the actions and images
referenced in `Ddd', such that you can easily modify them.

* Menu:

* Actions::                     All actions used in translation tables.
* Images::                      All images used in resources,

File: ddd.info,  Node: Actions,  Next: Images,  Up: Application Defaults

A.1 Actions
===========

The following DDD actions may be used in translation tables.

* Menu:

* General Actions::
* Data Display Actions::
* Debugger Console Actions::
* Source Window Actions::

File: ddd.info,  Node: General Actions,  Next: Data Display Actions,  Up: Actions

A.1.1 General Actions
---------------------

 -- Action: ddd-get-focus ()
     Assign focus to the element that just received input.

 -- Action: ddd-next-tab-group ()
     Assign focus to the next tab group.

 -- Action: ddd-prev-tab-group ()
     Assign focus to the previous tab group.

 -- Action: ddd-previous-tab-group ()
     Assign focus to the previous tab group.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Data Display Actions,  Next: Debugger Console Actions,  Prev: General Actions,  Up: Actions

A.1.2 Data Display Actions
--------------------------

These actions are used in the DDD graph editor.

 -- Action: end ()
     End the action initiated by `select'.  Bound to a button up event.

 -- Action: extend ()
     Extend the current selection.  Bound to a button down event.

 -- Action: extend-or-move ()
     Extend the current selection.  Bound to a button down event.  If
     the pointer is dragged, move the selection.

 -- Action: follow ()
     Continue the action initiated by `select'.  Bound to a pointer
     motion event.

 -- Action: graph-select ()
     Equivalent to `select', but also updates the current argument.

 -- Action: graph-select-or-move ()
     Equivalent to `select-or-move', but also updates the current
     argument.

 -- Action: graph-extend ()
     Equivalent to `extend', but also updates the current argument.

 -- Action: graph-extend-or-move ()
     Equivalent to `extend-or-move', but also updates the current
     argument.

 -- Action: graph-toggle ()
     Equivalent to `toggle', but also updates the current argument.

 -- Action: graph-toggle-or-move ()
     Equivalent to `toggle-or-move', but also updates the current
     argument.

 -- Action: graph-popup-menu ([`graph'|`node'|`shortcut'])
     Pops up a menu.  `graph' pops up a menu with global graph
     operations, `node' pops up a menu with node operations, and
     `shortcut' pops up a menu with display shortcuts.

     If no argument is given, pops up a menu depending on the context:
     when pointing on a node with the <Shift> key pressed, behaves like
     `shortcut'; when pointing on a without the <Shift> key pressed,
     behaves like `node'; otherwise, behaves as if `graph' was given.

 -- Action: graph-dereference ()
     Dereference the selected display.

 -- Action: graph-detail ()
     Show or hide detail of the selected display.

 -- Action: graph-rotate ()
     Rotate the selected display.

 -- Action: graph-dependent ()
     Pop up a dialog to create a dependent display.

 -- Action: hide-edges ([`any'|`both'|`from'|`to'])
     Hide some edges.  `any' means to process all edges where either
     source or target node are selected. `both' means to process all
     edges where both nodes are selected. `from' means to process all
     edges where at least the source node is selected. `to' means to
     process all edges where at least the target node is selected.
     Default is `any'.

 -- Action: layout ([`regular'|`compact'], [[`+'|`-'] degrees])
     Layout the graph.  `regular' means to use the regular layout
     algorithm; `compact' uses an alternate layout algorithm, where
     successors are placed next to their parents.  Default is
     `regular'.  DEGREES indicates in which direction the graph should
     be layouted.  Default is the current graph direction.

 -- Action: move-selected (x-offset, y-offset)
     Move all selected nodes in the direction given by X-OFFSET and
     Y-OFFSET.  X-OFFSET and Y-OFFSET is either given as a numeric
     pixel value, or as `+grid', or `-grid', meaning the current grid
     size.

 -- Action: normalize ()
     Place all nodes on their positions and redraw the graph.

 -- Action: rotate ([[`+'|`-']degrees])
     Rotate the graph around DEGREES degrees.  DEGREES must be a
     multiple of 90.  Default is `+90'.

 -- Action: select ()
     Select the node pointed at.  Clear all other selections.  Bound to
     a button down event.

 -- Action: select-all ()
     Select all nodes in the graph.

 -- Action: select-first ()
     Select the first node in the graph.

 -- Action: select-next ()
     Select the next node in the graph.

 -- Action: select-or-move ()
     Select the node pointed at.  Clear all other selections.  Bound to
     a button down event. If the pointer is dragged, move the selected
     node.

 -- Action: select-prev ()
     Select the previous node in the graph.

 -- Action: show-edges ([`any'|`both'|`from'|`to'])
     Show some edges.  `any' means to process all edges where either
     source or target node are selected. `both' means to process all
     edges where both nodes are selected. `from' means to process all
     edges where at least the source node is selected. `to' means to
     process all edges where at least the target node is selected.
     Default is `any'.

 -- Action: snap-to-grid ()
     Place all nodes on the nearest grid position.

 -- Action: toggle ()
     Toggle the current selection--if the node pointed at is selected,
     it will be unselected, and vice versa.  Bound to a button down
     event.

 -- Action: toggle-or-move ()
     Toggle the current selection--if the node pointed at is selected,
     it will be unselected, and vice versa.  Bound to a button down
     event.  If the pointer is dragged, move the selection.

 -- Action: unselect-all ()
     Clear the selection.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Debugger Console Actions,  Next: Source Window Actions,  Prev: Data Display Actions,  Up: Actions

A.1.3 Debugger Console Actions
------------------------------

These actions are used in the debugger console and other text fields.

 -- Action: gdb-backward-character ()
     Move one character to the left.  Bound to `Left'.

 -- Action: gdb-beginning-of-line ()
     Move cursor to the beginning of the current line, after the prompt.
     Bound to `HOME'.

 -- Action: gdb-control (control-character)
     Send the given CONTROL-CHARACTER to the inferior debugger.
     CONTROL-CHARACTER must be specified in the form `^X', where X is
     an upper-case letter, or `?'.

 -- Action: gdb-command (command)
     Execute COMMAND in the debugger console.  The following
     replacements are performed on COMMAND:

        * If COMMAND has the form `NAME...', insert NAME, followed by a
          space, in the debugger console.

        * All occurrences of `()' are replaced by the current contents
          of the argument field `()'.


 -- Action: gdb-complete-arg (command)
     Complete current argument as if COMMAND was prepended.  Bound to
     <Ctrl+T>.

 -- Action: gdb-complete-command ()
     Complete current command line in the debugger console.  Bound to
     <TAB>.

 -- Action: gdb-complete-tab (command)
     If global <TAB> completion is enabled, complete current argument
     as if COMMAND was prepended.  Otherwise, proceed as if the <TAB>
     key was hit.  Bound to <TAB>.

 -- Action: gdb-delete-or-control (control-character)
     Like `gdb-control', but effective only if the cursor is at the end
     of a line.  Otherwise, CONTROL-CHARACTER is ignored and the
     character following the cursor is deleted.  Bound to <Ctrl+D>.

 -- Action: gdb-end-of-line ()
     Move cursor to the end of the current line.  Bound to `End'.

 -- Action: gdb-forward-character ()
     Move one character to the right.  Bound to `Right'.

 -- Action: gdb-insert-graph-arg ()
     Insert the contents of the data display argument field `()'.

 -- Action: gdb-insert-source-arg ()
     Insert the contents of the source argument field `()'.

 -- Action: gdb-interrupt ()
     If DDD is in incremental search mode, exit it; otherwise call
     `gdb-control(^C)'.

 -- Action: gdb-isearch-prev ()
     Enter reverse incremental search mode.  Bound to <Ctrl+B>.

 -- Action: gdb-isearch-next ()
     Enter incremental search mode.  Bound to <Ctrl+F>.

 -- Action: gdb-isearch-exit ()
     Exit incremental search mode.  Bound to <ESC>.

 -- Action: gdb-next-history ()
     Recall next command from history.  Bound to `Down'.

 -- Action: gdb-prev-history ()
     Recall previous command from history.  Bound to `Up'.

 -- Action: gdb-previous-history ()
     Recall previous command from history.  Bound to `Up'.

 -- Action: gdb-process ([action [, args...]])
     Process the given event in the debugger console.  Bound to key
     events in the source and data window.  If this action is bound to
     the source window, and the source window is editable, perform
     `ACTION(ARGS...)' on the source window instead; if ACTION is not
     given, perform `self-insert()'.

 -- Action: gdb-select-all ()
     If the `selectAllBindings' resource is set to `Motif', perform
     `beginning-of-line'.  Otherwise, perform `select-all'.  Bound to
     <Ctrl+A>.

 -- Action: gdb-set-line (value)
     Set the current line to VALUE.  Bound to <Ctrl+U>.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Source Window Actions,  Prev: Debugger Console Actions,  Up: Actions

A.1.4 Source Window Actions
---------------------------

These actions are used in the source and code windows.

 -- Action: source-delete-glyph ()
     Delete the breakpoint related to the glyph at cursor position.

 -- Action: source-double-click ([text-action [, line-action [,
          function-action]]])
     The double-click action in the source window.

        * If this action is taken on a breakpoint glyph, edit the
          breakpoint properties.

        * If this action is taken in the breakpoint area, invoke
          `gdb-command(LINE-ACTION)'.  If LINE-ACTION is not given, it
          defaults to `break ()'.

        * If this action is taken in the source text, and the next
          character following the current selection is `(', invoke
          `gdb-command(FUNCTION-ACTION)'.  If FUNCTION-ACTION is not
          given, it defaults to `list ()'.

        * Otherwise, invoke `gdb-command(TEXT-ACTION)'.  If TEXT-ACTION
          is not given, it defaults to `graph display ()'.

 -- Action: source-drag-glyph ()
     Initiate a drag on the glyph at cursor position.

 -- Action: source-drop-glyph ([action])
     Drop the dragged glyph at cursor position.  ACTION is either
     `move', meaning to move the dragged glyph, or `copy', meaning to
     copy the dragged glyph.  If no ACTION is given, `move' is assumed.

 -- Action: source-end-select-word ()
     End selecting a word.

 -- Action: source-follow-glyph ()
     Continue a drag on the glyph at cursor position.  Usually bound to
     some motion event.

 -- Action: source-popup-menu ()
     Pop up a menu, depending on the location.

 -- Action: source-set-arg ()
     Set the argument field to the current selection.  Typically bound
     to some selection operation.

 -- Action: source-start-select-word ()
     Start selecting a word.

 -- Action: source-update-glyphs ()
     Update all visible glyphs.  Usually invoked after a scrolling
     operation.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Images,  Prev: Actions,  Up: Application Defaults

A.2 Images
==========

DDD installs a number of images that may be used as pixmap resources,
simply by giving a symbolic name.  For button images, three variants
are installed as well:

   * The suffix `-hi' indicates a highlighted variant (Button is
     entered).

   * The suffix `-arm' indicates an armed variant (Button is pushed).

   * The suffix `-xx' indicates a disabled (insensitive) variant.

 -- Image: break_at
     `Break at ()' button.

 -- Image: clear_at
     `Clear at ()' button.

 -- Image: ddd
     DDD icon.

 -- Image: delete
     `Delete ()' button.

 -- Image: disable
     `Disable' button.

 -- Image: dispref
     `Display * ()' button.

 -- Image: display
     `Display ()' button.

 -- Image: drag_arrow
     The execution pointer (being dragged).

 -- Image: drag_cond
     A conditional breakpoint (being dragged).

 -- Image: drag_stop
     A breakpoint (being dragged).

 -- Image: drag_temp
     A temporary breakpoint (being dragged).

 -- Image: enable
     `Enable' button.

 -- Image: find_forward
     `Find>> ()' button.

 -- Image: find_backward
     `Find<< ()' button.

 -- Image: grey_arrow
     The execution pointer (not in lowest frame).

 -- Image: grey_cond
     A conditional breakpoint (disabled).

 -- Image: grey_stop
     A breakpoint (disabled).

 -- Image: grey_temp
     A temporary breakpoint (disabled).

 -- Image: hide
     `Hide ()' button.

 -- Image: lookup
     `Lookup ()' button.

 -- Image: maketemp
     `Make Temporary' button.

 -- Image: new_break
     `New Breakpoint' button.

 -- Image: new_display
     `New Display' button.

 -- Image: new_watch
     `New Watchpoint' button.

 -- Image: plain_arrow
     The execution pointer.

 -- Image: plain_cond
     A conditional breakpoint (enabled).

 -- Image: plain_stop
     A breakpoint (enabled).

 -- Image: plain_temp
     A temporary breakpoint (enabled).

 -- Image: print
     `Print ()' button.

 -- Image: properties
     `Properties' button.

 -- Image: rotate
     `Rotate ()' button.

 -- Image: set
     `Set ()' button.

 -- Image: show
     `Show ()' button.

 -- Image: signal_arrow
     The execution pointer (stopped by signal).

 -- Image: undisplay
     `Undisplay ()' button.

 -- Image: unwatch
     `Unwatch ()' button.

 -- Image: watch
     `Watch ()' button.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Bugs,  Next: Configuration Notes,  Prev: Application Defaults,  Up: Top

Appendix B Bugs and How To Report Them
**************************************

Sometimes you will encounter a bug in DDD.  Although we cannot promise
we can or will fix the bug, and we might not even agree that it is a
bug, we want to hear about bugs you encounter in case we do want to fix
them.

   To make it possible for us to fix a bug, you must report it.  In
order to do so effectively, you must know when and how to do it.

* Menu:

* Where to Send Bug Reports::   Our e-mail address.
* Is it a DDD Bug?::         DDD may not be at fault.
* How to Report Bugs::          Report all the facts.
* Bug Reports::                 Include all configuration information.
* Diagnostics::                 Maintaining DDD

File: ddd.info,  Node: Where to Send Bug Reports,  Next: Is it a DDD Bug?,  Up: Bugs

B.1 Where to Send Bug Reports
=============================

Send bug reports for DDD via electronic mail to

     <bug-ddd@gnu.org>

File: ddd.info,  Node: Is it a DDD Bug?,  Next: How to Report Bugs,  Prev: Where to Send Bug Reports,  Up: Bugs

B.2 Is it a DDD Bug?
====================

Before sending in a bug report, try to find out whether the problem
cause really lies within DDD.  A common cause of problems are
incomplete or missing X or M*tif installations, for instance, or bugs
in the X server or M*tif itself.  Running DDD as

     $ ddd --check-configuration

   checks for common problems and gives hints on how to repair them.

   Another potential cause of problems is the inferior debugger;
occasionally, they show bugs, too.  To find out whether a bug was
caused by the inferior debugger, run DDD as

     $ ddd --trace

   This shows the interaction between DDD and the inferior debugger on
standard error while DDD is running.  (If `--trace' is not given, this
interaction is logged in the file `~/.ddd/log'; *note Logging::)
Compare the debugger output to the output of DDD and determine which
one is wrong.

File: ddd.info,  Node: How to Report Bugs,  Next: Bug Reports,  Prev: Is it a DDD Bug?,  Up: Bugs

B.3 How to Report Bugs
======================

Here are some guidelines for bug reports:

   * The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
     *report all the facts*.  If you are not sure whether to state a
     fact or leave it out, state it!

   * Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable someone
     to fix the bug if it is not known.  It is not very important what
     happens if the bug is already known.  Therefore, always write your
     bug reports on the assumption that the bug is not known.

   * Your bug report should be self-contained.  Do not refer to
     information sent in previous mails; your previous mail may have
     been forwarded to somebody else.

   * Please report each bug in a separate message.  This makes it easier
     for us to track which bugs have been fixed and to forward your bugs
     reports to the appropriate maintainer.

   * Please report bugs in English; this increases the chances of
     finding someone who can fix the bug.  Do not assume one particular
     person will receive your bug report.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Bug Reports,  Next: Diagnostics,  Prev: How to Report Bugs,  Up: Bugs

B.4 What to Include in a Bug Report
===================================

To enable us to fix a DDD bug, you _must_ include the following
information:

   * Your DDD configuration.  Invoke DDD as

          $ ddd --configuration

     to get the configuration information.  If this does not work,
     please include at least the DDD version, the type of machine you
     are using, and its operating system name and version number.

   * The debugger you are using and its version (e.g., `gdb-4.17' or
     `dbx as shipped with Solaris 2.6').

   * The compiler you used to compile DDD and its version (e.g.,
     `gcc-2.8.1').

   * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
     incorrect.  For example, "DDD gets a fatal signal" or "DDD exits
     immediately after attempting to create the data window".

   * A _log file_ showing the interaction between DDD and the inferior
     debugger.  By default, this interaction is logged in the file
     `~/.ddd/log'.  Include all trace output from the DDD invocation up
     to the first bug occurrence; insert own comments where necessary.

   * If you wish to suggest changes to the DDD source, send us context
     diffs.  If you even discuss something in the DDD source, refer to
     it by context, _never_ by line number.

   Be sure to include this information in _every_ single bug report.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Diagnostics,  Prev: Bug Reports,  Up: Bugs

B.5 Getting Diagnostics
=======================

* Menu:

* Logging::                     DDD logs all interactions.
* Debugging DDD::            Facilities to debug DDD.
* Customizing Diagnostics::     All diagnostics resources.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Logging,  Next: Debugging DDD,  Up: Diagnostics

B.5.1 Logging
-------------

If things go wrong, the first and most important information source is
the "DDD log file".  This file, created in `~/.ddd/log' (`~' stands for
your home directory), records the following information:

   * Your DDD configuration (at the top)

   * All programs invoked by DDD, shown as `$ PROGRAM ARGS...'

   * All DDD messages, shown as `#  MESSAGE'.

   * All information sent from DDD to the inferior debugger, shown as
     `-> TEXT'.

   * All information sent from the inferior debugger standard output to
     DDD, shown as `<- TEXT'.

   * All information sent from the inferior debugger standard error to
     DDD, shown as `<= TEXT'.(1)

   * All information sent from DDD to Gnuplot, shown as `>> TEXT'.

   * All information sent from Gnuplot standard output to DDD, shown as
     `<< TEXT'.

   * All information sent from Gnuplot standard error to DDD, shown as
     `<= TEXT'.

   * If DDD crashes, a GDB backtrace of the DDD core dump is included
     at the end.

   This information, all in one place, should give you (and anyone
maintaining DDD) a first insight of what's going wrong.

* Menu:

* Disabling Logging::

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Since the inferior debugger is invoked through a virtual TTY,
standard error is normally redirected to standard output, so DDD never
receives standard error from the inferior debugger.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Disabling Logging,  Up: Logging

B.5.1.1 Disabling Logging
.........................

The log files created by DDD can become quite large, so you might want
to turn off logging.  There is no explicit DDD feature that allows you
to do that.  However, you can easily create a _symbolic link_ from
`~/.ddd/log' to `/dev/null', such that logging information is lost.
Enter the following commands at the shell prompt:

     $ cd
     $ rm .ddd/log
     $ ln -s /dev/null .ddd/log
     $ _

   Be aware, though, that having logging turned off makes diagnostics
much more difficult; in case of trouble, it may be hard to reproduce the
error.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Debugging DDD,  Next: Customizing Diagnostics,  Prev: Logging,  Up: Diagnostics

B.5.2 Debugging DDD
-------------------

As long as DDD is compiled with `-g' (*note Compiling for Debugging::),
you can invoke a debugger on DDD--even DDD itself, if you wish.  From
within DDD, a special `Maintenance' menu is provided that invokes GDB
on the running DDD process.  *Note Maintenance Menu::, for details.

   The DDD distribution comes with a `.gdbinit' file that is suitable
for debugging DDD.  Among others, this defines a `ddd' command that
sets up an environment for debugging DDD and a `string' command that
lets you print the contents of DDD `string' variables; just use `print
VAR' followed by `string'.

   You can cause DDD to dump core at any time by sending it a `SIGUSR1'
signal.  DDD resumes execution while you can examine the core file with
GDB.

   When debugging DDD, it can be useful to make DDD not catch fatal
errors.  This can be achieved by setting the environment variable
`DDD_NO_SIGNAL_HANDLERS' before invoking DDD.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Customizing Diagnostics,  Prev: Debugging DDD,  Up: Diagnostics

B.5.3 Customizing Diagnostics
-----------------------------

You can use these additional resources to obtain diagnostics about DDD.
Most of them are tied to a particular invocation option.

 -- Resource: appDefaultsVersion (class Version)
     The version of the DDD app-defaults file.  If this string does not
     match the version of the current DDD executable, DDD issues a
     warning.

 -- Resource: checkConfiguration (class CheckConfiguration)
     If `on', check the DDD environment (in particular, the X
     configuration), report any possible problem causes and exit.
     *Note Options::, for the `--check-configuration' option.

 -- Resource: dddinitVersion (class Version)
     The version of the DDD executable that last wrote the
     `~/.ddd/init' file.  If this string does not match the version of
     the current DDD executable, DDD issues a warning.

 -- Resource: debugCoreDumps (class DebugCoreDumps)
     If `on', DDD invokes a debugger on itself when receiving a fatal
     signal.  *Note Maintenance Menu::, for setting this resource.

 -- Resource: dumpCore (class DumpCore)
     If `on' (default), DDD dumps core when receiving a fatal signal.
     *Note Maintenance Menu::, for setting this resource.

 -- Resource: maintenance (class Maintenance)
     If `on', enables the top-level `Maintenance' menu (*note
     Maintenance Menu::) with additional options.  *Note Options::, for
     the `--maintenance' option.

 -- Resource: showConfiguration (class ShowConfiguration)
     If `on', show the DDD configuration on standard output and exit.
     *Note Options::, for the `--configuration' option.

 -- Resource: showFonts (class ShowFonts)
     If `on', show the DDD font definitions on standard output and
     exit.  *Note Options::, for the `--fonts' option.

 -- Resource: showInvocation (class ShowInvocation)
     If `on', show the DDD invocation options on standard output and
     exit.  *Note Options::, for the `--help' option.

 -- Resource: showLicense (class ShowLicense)
     If `on', show the DDD license on standard output and exit.  *Note
     Options::, for the `--license' option.

 -- Resource: showManual (class ShowManual)
     If `on', show this DDD manual page on standard output and exit.
     If the standard output is a terminal, the manual page is shown in a
     pager (`$PAGER', `less' or `more').  *Note Options::, for the
     `--manual' option.  

 -- Resource: showNews (class ShowNews)
     If `on', show the DDD news on standard output and exit.  *Note
     Options::, for the `--news' option.

 -- Resource: showVersion (class ShowVersion)
     If `on', show the DDD version on standard output and exit.  *Note
     Options::, for the `--version' option.

 -- Resource: suppressWarnings (class SuppressWarnings)
     If `on', X warnings are suppressed.  This is sometimes useful for
     executables that were built on a machine with a different X or
     M*tif configuration.  By default, this is `off'.  *Note X
     Warnings::, for details.

 -- Resource: trace (class Trace)
     If `on', show the dialog between DDD and the inferior debugger on
     standard output.  Default is `off'.  *Note Options::, for the
     `--trace' option.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Configuration Notes,  Next: Dirty Tricks,  Prev: Bugs,  Up: Top

Appendix C Configuration Notes
******************************

* Menu:

* GDB::                         Using DDD with GDB
* Bash::                        Using DDD with Bash
* DBX::                         Using DDD with DBX
* Ladebug::                     Using DDD with Ladebug
* JDB::                         Using DDD with JDB
* Make::                        Using DDD with GNU Make
* Perl::                        Using DDD with Perl
* Python::                      Using DDD with Python
* XDB::                         Using DDD with XDB
* LessTif::                     Using DDD with LessTif

File: ddd.info,  Node: GDB,  Next: Bash,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.1 Using DDD with GDB
======================

Some GDB settings are essential for DDD to work correctly.  These
settings with their correct values are:
     set height 0
     set width 0
     set verbose off
     set annotate 1
     set prompt (gdb)

   DDD sets these values automatically when invoking GDB; if these
values are changed, there may be some malfunctions, especially in the
data display.

   When debugging at the machine level with GDB 4.12 and earlier as
inferior debugger, use a `display /x $pc' command to ensure the program
counter value is updated correctly at each stop.  You may also enter
the command in `~/.gdbinit' or (better yet) upgrade to the most recent
GDB version.

   Further information is available on the following GDB variants:

* Menu:

* WDB::                         Using DDD with WDB
* WindRiver GDB::               Using DDD with WindRiver GDB (Tornado)

File: ddd.info,  Node: WDB,  Next: WindRiver GDB,  Up: GDB

C.1.1 Using DDD with WDB
------------------------

HP's WildeBeest (WDB) is essentially a variant of GDB.  To start DDD
with WDB as inferior debugger, use

     ddd --wdb PROGRAM

   *Note GDB::, for further configuration notes.

File: ddd.info,  Node: WindRiver GDB,  Prev: WDB,  Up: GDB

C.1.2 Using DDD with WindRiver GDB (Tornado)
--------------------------------------------

DDD now supports WindRiver's version of GDB.(1) DDD can be integrated
into the `Launch' window by placing the `launch.tcl' script (see below)
into the the directory `~/.wind'.

   Currently, DDD only supports the PowerPC and has been only tested on
a Solaris 2.6 host.

   DDD launches the version of GDB that is either in the current path,
or the one specified on the command line using the `--debugger' command.

   Normally, the Tornado environment is set up by sourcing a script file
which, among other things, sets up the PATH variable.

   It is suggested that a soft link for the version of GDB used for the
target (i.e. `gdbppc') be made in the same directory:

     bin>ls -l gdb*
     39 Mar  6 16:14 gdb -> /usr/wind/host/sun4-solaris2/bin/gdbppc*
     1619212 Mar 11  1997 gdbppc*
     bin>_

   This way DDD will start the correct version of GDB automatically.

   It is also suggested that you use DDD's execution window to
facilitate parsing of GDB output.  *Note Debugger Communication::, for
details.

   Tornado reads the default TCL scripts first, then the ones in the
users `.wind' directory.  The following procedures can be cut and
pasted into the user's `launch.tcl' file:


     # Launch.tcl - Launch application Tcl user customization file.
     #

     ######
     #
     # setupDDD - sets up DDD for use by the launcher
     #
     # This routine adds the DDD to the application bar
     #
     # SYNOPSIS:
     # setupDDD
     #
     # PARAMETERS: N/A
     #
     # RETURNS: N/A
     #
     # ERRORS: N/A
     #

     proc setupDDD {} {
         # Add to the default application bar
         objectCreate app ddd DDD {launchDDD}
     }

     ######
     #
     # launchDDD - launch the DDD debugger
     #
     # SYNOPSIS:
     # launchDDD
     #
     # PARAMETERS: N/A
     #
     # RETURNS: N/A
     #
     # ERRORS: N/A
     #

     proc launchDDD {} {

         global tgtsvr_selected
         global tgtsvr_cpuid

         if {$tgtsvr_selected == "" || $tgtsvr_cpuid == 0} {
             noticePost error "Select an attached target first."
             return
         }

         set startFileName /tmp/dddstartup.[pid]

         if [catch {open $startFileName w} file] {
              # couldn't create a startup file.  Oh, well.
              exec ddd --gdb &
         }
         else
         {
              # write out a little /tmp file that attaches to the
              # selected target server and then deletes itself.
              puts $file "set wtx-tool-name ddd"
              puts $file "target wtx $tgtsvr_selected"
              puts $file "tcl exec rm $startFileName"
              close $file
              exec ddd --gdb --command=$startFileName &
         }
     }

     ######
     #
     # Launch.tcl - Initialization
     #
     # The user's resource file sourced from the initial Launch.tcl
     #

     # Add DDD to the laucher
       setupDDD

   In order for DDD to automatically display the source of a previously
loaded file, the entry point must be named either `vxworks_main' or
`main_vxworks'.

   *Note GDB::, for further configuration notes.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) This section was contributed by Gary Cliff from Computing
Devices Canada Ltd., <gary.cliff@cdott.com>.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Bash,  Next: DBX,  Prev: GDB,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.2 Using DDD with Bash
=======================

BASH support is rather new. As a programming language, BASH is not
feature rich: there are no record structures or hash tables (yet), no
pointers, package variable scoping or methods. So much of the data
display and visualization features of DDD are disabled.

   As with any scripting or interpreted language like Perl, stepping a
machine-language instructions (commands Stepi/Nexti) doesn't exist.

   Some BASH settings are essential for DDD to work correctly.  These
settings with their correct values are:

     set annotate 1
     set prompt set prompt bashdb$_Dbg_less$_Dbg_greater$_Dbg_space

   DDD sets these values automatically when invoking BASH; if these
values are changed, there may be some malfunctions.

   Pay special attention when the prompt has extra angle brackets (a
nested shell) or has any parenthesis (is in a subshell). Quitting may
merely exit out of one of these nested (sub)shells rather than leave
the program.

File: ddd.info,  Node: DBX,  Next: Ladebug,  Prev: Bash,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.3 Using DDD with DBX
======================

When used for debugging Pascal-like programs, DDD does not infer
correct array subscripts and always starts to count with 1.

   With some DBX versions (notably Solaris DBX), DDD strips C-style and
C++-style comments from the DBX output in order to interpret it
properly.  This also affects the output of the debugged program when
sent to the debugger console.  Using the separate execution window
avoids these problems.

   In some DBX versions (notably DEC DBX and AIX DBX), there is no
automatic data display.  As an alternative, DDD uses the DBX `print'
command to access data values.  This means that variable names are
interpreted according to the current frame; variables outside the
current frame cannot be displayed.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Ladebug,  Next: JDB,  Prev: DBX,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.4 Using DDD with Ladebug
==========================

All DBX limitations (*note DBX::) apply to Ladebug as well.

File: ddd.info,  Node: JDB,  Next: Make,  Prev: Ladebug,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.5 Using DDD with JDB
======================

There is no automatic data display in JDB.  As a workaround, DDD uses
the `dump' command to access data values.  This means that variable
names are interpreted according to the current frame; variables outside
the current frame cannot be displayed.

   In JDB 1.1, the `dump' and `print' commands do not support
expression evaluation.  Hence, you cannot display arbitrary expressions.

   Parsing of JDB output is quite CPU-intensive, due to the recognition
of asynchronous prompts (any thread may output anything at any time,
including prompts).  Hence, a program producing much console output is
likely to slow down DDD considerably.  In such a case, have the program
run with `-debug' in a separate window and attach JDB to it using the
`-passwd' option.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Make,  Next: Perl,  Prev: JDB,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.6 Using DDD with GNU Make
===========================

GNU Make support is rather new. As a programming language, GNU Make is
a bit of a stretch for DDD. There are no record structures or hash
tables, no pointers. Well, actually this does exist, but the records,
pointers and hash tables are fixed into the system.  There are Makefile
variables, "targets" (which sometimes refer to files), dependencies,
and commands. There is sort of an "scope" that for variables too.

   But much of the data display and visualization features of DDD are
disabled. However `info locals' does work and you can hover over a
variable and see its value.

   As with any scripting or interpreted language like Perl, stepping a
machine-language instructions (commands Stepi/Nexti) doesn't exist.

   Pay special attention when the prompt has extra angle
brackets--nested invocation of GNU MAKE. Quitting may merely exit out
of one of these nested invocations rather than leave the program.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Perl,  Next: Python,  Prev: Make,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.7 Using DDD with Perl
=======================

There is no automatic data display in Perl.  As a workaround, DDD uses
the `x' command to access data values.  This means that variable names
are interpreted according to the current frame; variables outside the
current frame cannot be displayed.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Python,  Next: XDB,  Prev: Perl,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.8 Using DDD with Python
=========================

In short, make sure you use a newer version of `pydb', one from
`http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/pydb'. Older versions that had been
supplied with DDD will no longer work.

   History: Up to around 1999 there was parallel development that went
on between DDD's Python debugger `pydb' and the stock python debugger
`pdb'. These were not necessarily _competing_ efforts, just parallel.
In fact the same person worked a little bit on both.

   One feature that `pydb' supported that wasn't in `pdb' was GDB's
`display' command.

   After 1999, maintaining `pydb' more or less fell into disuse and
`pdb' sort of inched ahead with bug fixes and redisigned interaces.
Around the beginning of 2006, new work was started to enhance pdb and
to make it more like GDB. Since DDD already understands a large set of
GDB commands, many of these enhancements were immediately realizable by
DDD. These things include command completion, restarting the debugger,
and using set/show/info commands.

   With the blessing of the original author of `pydb', the new effort
took over the name of the old one, Although it did not actually start
out from the `pydb' base but from pdb adding the old `pydb' features.

File: ddd.info,  Node: XDB,  Next: LessTif,  Prev: Python,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.9 Using DDD with XDB
======================

There is no automatic data display in XDB.  As a workaround, DDD uses
the `p' command to access data values.  This means that variable names
are interpreted according to the current frame; variables outside the
current frame cannot be displayed.

File: ddd.info,  Node: LessTif,  Prev: XDB,  Up: Configuration Notes

C.10 Using DDD with LessTif
===========================

DDD includes a number of hacks that make DDD run with _LessTif,_ a free
M*tif library without loss of functionality.  Since a DDD binary may be
dynamically bound and used with either an OSF/Motif or LessTif library,
these _lesstif hacks_ can be enabled and disabled at run time.

   Whether the _lesstif hacks_ are included at run-time depends on the
setting of the `lessTifVersion' resource:

 -- Resource: lessTifVersion (class LessTifVersion)
     Indicates the LessTif version DDD is running against.  For LessTif
     version X.Y, the value is X multiplied by 1000 plus Y--for
     instance, the value `79' stands for LessTif 0.79 and the value
     `1005' stands for LessTif 1.5.

     If the value of this resource is less than 1000, indicating LessTif
     0.99 or earlier, DDD enables version-specific hacks to make DDD
     work around LessTif bugs and deficiencies.

     If DDD was compiled against LessTif, the default value is the
     value of the `LessTifVersion' macro in `<Xm/Xm.h>'.  If DDD was
     compiled against OSF/Motif, the default value is `1000', disabling
     all LessTif-specific hacks.

   To set the `lessTifVersion' resource at DDD invocation and to
specify the version number of the LessTif library, you can also use the
option `--lesstif-version' VERSION.

   The default value of the `lessTifVersion' resource is derived from
the LessTif library DDD was compiled against (or `1000' when compiled
against OSF/Motif).  Hence, you normally don't need to worry about the
value of this resource.  However, if you use a dynamically linked DDD
binary with a library other than the one DDD was compiled against, you
must specify the version number of the library using this resource.
(Unfortunately, DDD cannot detect this at run-time.)

   Here are a few scenarios to illustrate this scheme:
   * Your DDD binary was compiled against OSF/Motif, but you use a
     LessTif 0.88 dynamic library instead.  Invoke DDD with
     `--lesstif-version 88'.

   * Your DDD binary was compiled against LessTif, but you use a
     OSF/Motif dynamic library instead.    Invoke DDD with
     `--lesstif-version 1000'.

   * Your DDD binary was compiled against LessTif 0.85, and you have
     upgraded to LessTif 0.90.  Invoke DDD with `--lesstif-version 90'.

   To find out the LessTif or OSF/Motif version DDD was compiled
against, invoke DDD with the `--configuration' option.

   In the DDD source, LessTif-specific hacks are controlled by the
string `lesstif_version'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Dirty Tricks,  Next: Extending,  Prev: Configuration Notes,  Up: Top

Appendix D Dirty Tricks
***********************

Do you miss anything in this manual?  Do you have any material that
should be added?  Please send any contributions to <ddd@gnu.org>.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Extending,  Next: FAQ,  Prev: Dirty Tricks,  Up: Top

Appendix E Extending DDD
************************

If you have any contributions to be incorporated into DDD, please send
them to <ddd@gnu.org>.  For suggestions on what might be done, see the
file `TODO' in the DDD distribution.

File: ddd.info,  Node: FAQ,  Next: License,  Prev: Extending,  Up: Top

Appendix F Frequently Answered Questions
****************************************

See the DDD WWW page (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/) for frequently
answered questions not covered in this manual.

File: ddd.info,  Node: License,  Next: Help and Assistance,  Prev: FAQ,  Up: Top

Appendix G GNU General Public License
*************************************

                        Version 3, 29 June 2007

     Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/'

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
     license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software
and other kinds of works.

   The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains
free software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use
the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies
also to any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply
it to your programs, too.

   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

   To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you
have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software,
or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.

   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received.  You must make sure that they, too, receive
or can get the source code.  And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.

   Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.

   For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
that there is no warranty for this free software.  For both users' and
authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.

   Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
modified versions of the software inside them, although the
manufacturer can do so.  This is fundamentally incompatible with the
aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software.  The
systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for
individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.
Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the
practice for those products.  If such problems arise substantially in
other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains
in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of
users.

   Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
make it effectively proprietary.  To prevent this, the GPL assures that
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.

   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS
====================

  0. Definitions.

     "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public
     License.

     "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other
     kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.

     "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
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     To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the
     work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the
     making of an exact copy.  The resulting work is called a "modified
     version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.

     A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work
     based on the Program.

     To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
     permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
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     on a computer or modifying a private copy.  Propagation includes
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     available to the public, and in some countries other activities as
     well.

     To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
     parties to make or receive copies.  Mere interaction with a user
     through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not
     conveying.

     An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
     to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
     feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
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     Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so
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     Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
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     When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
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     to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of
     enforcing, against the work's users, your or third parties' legal
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  4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.

     You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
     receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
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     keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
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     give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

     You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
     and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

  5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

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       a. The work must carry prominent notices stating that you
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       b. The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
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       c. You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
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       d. If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
          Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has
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          Notices, your work need not make them do so.

     A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
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  6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

     You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
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       a. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
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          Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
          customarily used for software interchange.

       b. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
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          as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that
          product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code
          either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the
          software in the product that is covered by this License, on a
          durable physical medium customarily used for software
          interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of
          physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access
          to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no
          charge.

       c. Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of
          the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source.  This
          alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially,
          and only if you received the object code with such an offer,
          in accord with subsection 6b.

       d. Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
          place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access
          to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same
          place at no further charge.  You need not require recipients
          to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code.
          If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the
          Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated
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          Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you
          remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long
          as needed to satisfy these requirements.

       e. Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission,
          provided you inform other peers where the object code and
          Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the
          general public at no charge under subsection 6d.


     A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is
     excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need
     not be included in conveying the object code work.

     A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means
     any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal,
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     If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with,
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     Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information
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  7. Additional Terms.

     "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of
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     that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the
     entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to
     the additional permissions.

     When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
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       d. Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors
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  8. Termination.

     You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
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  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

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     infringe copyright if you do not accept this License.  Therefore,
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     acceptance of this License to do so.

 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

     Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
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     propagate that work, subject to this License.  You are not
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     A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
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     The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor
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     A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
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     Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
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     the Program.

 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

     Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
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 14. Revised Versions of this License.

     The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
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     If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
     versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that
     proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
     authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

     Later license versions may give you additional or different
     permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
     author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
     later version.

 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

     THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
     APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
     COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS"
     WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
     INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
     MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE
     RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
     SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
     NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

 16. Limitation of Liability.

     IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
     WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES
     AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU
     FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
     CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
     THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA
     BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
     PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
     PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
     THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

     If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
     above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
     reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely
     approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in
     connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
     liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.


END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
===========================

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR

     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
     your option) any later version.

     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
     WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
     General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program.  If not, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.

   Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

   If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

     PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

   The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your
program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an "about box".

   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary.  For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.

   The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.  But first,
please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Help and Assistance,  Next: Documentation License,  Prev: License,  Up: Top

Appendix H Help and Assistance
******************************

We have set up a _mailing list_ for general DDD discussions.  If you
need help and assistance for solving a DDD problem, you find the right
people here.

   Send message to all receivers of the mailing list to:

     <ddd@gnu.org>

   This mailing list is also the place where new DDD releases are
announced.  If you want to subscribe the list, or get more information,
send a mail to

     <ddd-request@gnu.org>

   See also the DDD WWW page (http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/) for
recent announcements and other news related to DDD.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Documentation License,  Next: Label Index,  Prev: Help and Assistance,  Up: Top

Appendix I GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************

                        Version 1.1, March 2000

     Copyright (C) 2000  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
     the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
     modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
     this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
     credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
     modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
     We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.


  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
     notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
     under the terms of this License.  The "Document", below, refers to
     any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee,
     and is addressed as "you".

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
     section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
     relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
     Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
     nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
     (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
     mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
     The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
     the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
     philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
     the notice that says that the Document is released under this
     License.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
     and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
     composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
     widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
     text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
     formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an
     otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
     to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
     Transparent.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
     standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
     Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
     can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
     or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
     available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
     processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
     the conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
     100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
     must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
     all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the
     title equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material
     on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the
     covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
     satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
     other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a
     machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
     state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
     computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
     of the Document, free of added material, which the general
     network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
     charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the
     latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
     begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
     this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
     location until at least one year after the last time you
     distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
     retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of
     copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
     version of the Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
     the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
     licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
     whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these
     things in the Modified Version:

     A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
     distinct    from that of the Document, and from those of previous
     versions    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
     History section    of the Document).  You may use the same title
     as a previous version    if the original publisher of that version
     gives permission.
     B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
     entities    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
     Modified    Version, together with at least five of the principal
     authors of the    Document (all of its principal authors, if it
     has less than five).
     C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
     Modified Version, as the publisher.
     D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
     E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
     adjacent to the other copyright notices.
     F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
     notice    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version
     under the    terms of this License, in the form shown in the
     Addendum below.
     G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
     Sections    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
     license notice.
     H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
     I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add
     to    it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
       publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
       there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create
     one    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
     Document as    given on its Title Page, then add an item
     describing the Modified    Version as stated in the previous
     sentence.
     J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
       public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
       the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
       it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
       You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
       least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
      publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
     K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
     preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
      substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
     and/or dedications given therein.
     L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
     unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
     or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
     M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
     may not be included in the Modified Version.
     N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"    or to
     conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option
     designate some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this,
     add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
     Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any
     other section titles.

     You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
     been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition
     of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
     of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one
     passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
     added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
     Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
     previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
     you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
     replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
     publisher that added the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
     all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
     "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
     documents in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
     this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
     that document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
     a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
     Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
     copyright is claimed for the compilation.  Such a compilation is
     called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
     other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
     account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
     derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
     quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
     placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
     aggregate.  Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
     aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License provided that you also include the
     original English version of this License.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original English
     version of this License, the original English version will prevail.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses
     terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
     the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
     you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
     Free Software Foundation.


ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:


       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
       Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
       A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

File: ddd.info,  Node: Label Index,  Next: Key Index,  Prev: Documentation License,  Up: Top

Label Index
***********

[index]
* Menu:

* ():                                    GDB Argument Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* 3-D Lines:                             Plot Appearance.     (line  15)
* Abort <1>:                             Program Menu.        (line  76)
* Abort:                                 Quitting.            (line  17)
* About DDD:                             Help Menu.           (line  40)
* Align on Grid:                         Data Menu.           (line  45)
* All Signals:                           Signals.             (line  53)
* Apply:                                 Commands Menu.       (line  41)
* Attach:                                Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line   9)
* Attach to Process <1>:                 Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line   9)
* Attach to Process:                     File Menu.           (line  36)
* Auto-align Displays on Nearest Grid Point: Aligning Displays.
                                                              (line  10)
* Automatic Display of Button Hints:     Button tips.         (line   6)
* Automatic Display of Variable Values:  Value Tips.          (line  30)
* Backtrace:                             Status Menu.         (line  10)
* Bash Console:                          View Menu.           (line  17)
* Bash Reference <1>:                    Getting Help.        (line  41)
* Bash Reference:                        Help Menu.           (line  31)
* Break <1>:                             Setting Breakpoints. (line  13)
* Break:                                 Tool Bar.            (line  49)
* Breakpoints:                           Source Menu.         (line  10)
* Button:                                GDB Simple Commands. (line  35)
* Cache Machine Code:                    Customizing Machine Code.
                                                              (line  14)
* Cache source files:                    Customizing Source Lookup.
                                                              (line  18)
* Change Directory <1>:                  Working Directory.   (line  10)
* Change Directory:                      File Menu.           (line  48)
* Clear <1>:                             Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  22)
* Clear <2>:                             Deleting Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Clear <3>:                             Tool Bar.            (line  54)
* Clear:                                 Edit Menu.           (line  47)
* Clear Line:                            Commands Menu.       (line  45)
* Clear Undo Buffer:                     Customizing Undo.    (line  27)
* Clear Window:                          Commands Menu.       (line  49)
* Close:                                 File Menu.           (line  56)
* Close data window when deleting last display: Deleting Displays.
                                                              (line  32)
* Cluster:                               Clustering.          (line  12)
* Cluster Data Displays:                 Clustering.          (line  18)
* clustered:                             Clustering.          (line  35)
* Color:                                 Printing the Graph.  (line  31)
* Command <1>:                           GDB Simple Commands. (line  14)
* Command:                               Entering Plotting Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Command History:                       Commands Menu.       (line  14)
* Command Tool:                          View Menu.           (line   9)
* Commands <1>:                          Commands Menu.       (line   6)
* Commands:                              Menu Bar.            (line  26)
* Complete:                              Commands Menu.       (line  37)
* Cont:                                  Command Tool.        (line  70)
* Continue <1>:                          Continuing Somewhere Else.
                                                              (line  32)
* Continue <2>:                          Resuming Execution.  (line   9)
* Continue:                              Program Menu.        (line  55)
* Continue Automatically when Mouse Pointer is Frozen: Stopping X Programs.
                                                              (line  25)
* Continue Until Here:                   Temporary Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  20)
* Continue Without Signal <1>:           Signals.             (line  72)
* Continue Without Signal:               Program Menu.        (line  60)
* Contour:                               Plot Appearance.     (line  21)
* Copy <1>:                              Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Copy:                                  Edit Menu.           (line  29)
* Ctrl+A is:                             Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                              (line  22)
* Ctrl+C is:                             Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                              (line   9)
* Cut <1>:                               Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Cut:                                   Edit Menu.           (line  19)
* Data <1>:                              Data Menu.           (line   6)
* Data:                                  Menu Bar.            (line  38)
* Data Scrolling:                        Scrolling Data.      (line  12)
* Data Window:                           View Menu.           (line  24)
* DBX Console:                           View Menu.           (line  17)
* DBX Reference <1>:                     Getting Help.        (line  41)
* DBX Reference:                         Help Menu.           (line  31)
* DBX Settings:                          Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* DDD License:                           Help Menu.           (line  34)
* DDD News:                              Help Menu.           (line  28)
* DDD Reference <1>:                     Getting Help.        (line  38)
* DDD Reference:                         Help Menu.           (line  25)
* DDD Splash Screen:                     Splash Screen.       (line   6)
* DDD WWW Page <1>:                      Getting Help.        (line  45)
* DDD WWW Page:                          Help Menu.           (line  37)
* Debug DDD:                             Maintenance Menu.    (line  14)
* Debugger Reference <1>:                Getting Help.        (line  41)
* Debugger Reference:                    Help Menu.           (line  31)
* Debugger Settings:                     Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* Debugger Type:                         Debugger Invocation. (line   6)
* Define Command:                        Commands Menu.       (line  53)
* Delete <1>:                            Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line  22)
* Delete <2>:                            Deleting Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  18)
* Delete <3>:                            Edit Menu.           (line  50)
* Delete:                                Deleting Sessions.   (line   6)
* Delete Breakpoint:                     Deleting Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  14)
* Detach Process <1>:                    Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line  24)
* Detach Process:                        File Menu.           (line  40)
* Detect Aliases <1>:                    Shared Structures.   (line  12)
* Detect Aliases:                        Data Menu.           (line  29)
* Determine Automatically from Arguments: Debugger Invocation.
                                                              (line   9)
* Disable <1>:                           Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line  18)
* Disable:                               Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  15)
* Disable Breakpoint:                    Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  11)
* Disp *:                                Dereferencing Pointers.
                                                              (line  10)
* Display <1>:                           Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display <2>:                           Display Basics.      (line   9)
* Display:                               Tool Bar.            (line  78)
* Display ():                            Data Menu.           (line  25)
* Display *:                             Dereferencing Pointers.
                                                              (line  14)
* Display *():                           Dereferencing Pointers.
                                                              (line  22)
* Display Arguments <1>:                 Displaying Local Variables.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display Arguments:                     Data Menu.           (line  37)
* Display Line Numbers:                  Source Menu.         (line  34)
* Display Local Variables <1>:           Displaying Local Variables.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display Local Variables:               Data Menu.           (line  33)
* Display Machine Code:                  Source Menu.         (line  38)
* Display Source Line Numbers:           Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display Two-Dimensional Arrays as Tables: Arrays as Tables. (line   6)
* Displays:                              Data Menu.           (line  10)
* Do Nothing:                            Maintenance Menu.    (line  39)
* Down <1>:                              Selecting a frame.   (line  16)
* Down <2>:                              Command Tool.        (line  84)
* Down:                                  Status Menu.         (line  30)
* Dump Core:                             Maintenance Menu.    (line  34)
* Dump Core Now:                         Maintenance Menu.    (line  18)
* Edit <1>:                              Editing Source Code. (line   6)
* Edit <2>:                              Command Tool.        (line  98)
* Edit <3>:                              Edit Menu.           (line   6)
* Edit:                                  Menu Bar.            (line  14)
* Edit <<:                               GDB Simple Commands. (line  29)
* Edit >> <1>:                           GDB Simple Commands. (line  29)
* Edit >>:                               Breakpoint Commands. (line  33)
* Edit Buttons <1>:                      Defining Buttons.    (line  17)
* Edit Buttons:                          Commands Menu.       (line  57)
* Edit Menu:                             Display Shortcuts.   (line  31)
* Edit Source <1>:                       Editing Source Code. (line   6)
* Edit Source:                           Source Menu.         (line  42)
* Edit Sources:                          Editing Source Code. (line  11)
* Edit Themes:                           Editing Themes.      (line  31)
* Enable <1>:                            Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line  16)
* Enable:                                Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  15)
* Enable Breakpoint:                     Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  11)
* Enable supported buttons only:         Defining Buttons.    (line  28)
* End <1>:                               GDB Simple Commands. (line  25)
* End:                                   Breakpoint Commands. (line  31)
* Execute:                               GDB Simple Commands. (line  32)
* Execution Window <1>:                  Customizing the Execution Window.
                                                              (line   8)
* Execution Window:                      View Menu.           (line  13)
* Exit <1>:                              File Menu.           (line  62)
* Exit:                                  Quitting.            (line   6)
* File <1>:                              File Menu.           (line   6)
* File:                                  Menu Bar.            (line   9)
* File Name:                             Printing the Graph.  (line  13)
* Find <<:                               Textual Search.      (line   6)
* Find << ():                            Source Menu.         (line  22)
* Find >> <1>:                           Textual Search.      (line   6)
* Find >>:                               Tool Bar.            (line  42)
* Find >> ():                            Source Menu.         (line  18)
* Find Backward:                         Commands Menu.       (line  25)
* Find Case Sensitive:                   Source Menu.         (line  30)
* Find Forward:                          Commands Menu.       (line  29)
* Find Words Only <1>:                   Textual Search.      (line  11)
* Find Words Only:                       Source Menu.         (line  26)
* Finish <1>:                            Resuming Execution.  (line  81)
* Finish <2>:                            Command Tool.        (line  65)
* Finish:                                Program Menu.        (line  50)
* GDB Console:                           View Menu.           (line  17)
* GDB Reference <1>:                     Getting Help.        (line  41)
* GDB Reference:                         Help Menu.           (line  31)
* GDB Settings:                          Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* Get Core File:                         Customizing Sessions.
                                                              (line  10)
* GNU Make Console:                      View Menu.           (line  17)
* Green background:                      Using Data Themes.   (line  37)
* Help <1>:                              Getting Help.        (line  24)
* Help <2>:                              Help Menu.           (line   6)
* Help:                                  Menu Bar.            (line  46)
* Hide <1>:                              Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  15)
* Hide:                                  Tool Bar.            (line  85)
* Iconify all windows at once:           Icons.               (line   6)
* Ignore Count:                          Breakpoint Ignore Counts.
                                                              (line  17)
* Include Core Dump:                     Saving Sessions.     (line  17)
* Intel x86 flab gits and registers:     Using Data Themes.   (line  41)
* Interrupt <1>:                         Interrupting.        (line   6)
* Interrupt <2>:                         Command Tool.        (line  35)
* Interrupt:                             Program Menu.        (line  70)
* JDB Console:                           View Menu.           (line  17)
* JDB Reference <1>:                     Getting Help.        (line  41)
* JDB Reference:                         Help Menu.           (line  31)
* JDB Settings:                          Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* Kill <1>:                              Killing the Program. (line   7)
* Kill <2>:                              Command Tool.        (line  75)
* Kill:                                  Program Menu.        (line  66)
* Ladebug Console:                       View Menu.           (line  17)
* Ladebug Reference <1>:                 Getting Help.        (line  41)
* Ladebug Reference:                     Help Menu.           (line  31)
* Ladebug Settings:                      Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* Landscape:                             Printing Plots.      (line  20)
* Layout Graph <1>:                      Automatic Layout.    (line   6)
* Layout Graph:                          Data Menu.           (line  53)
* Left to right:                         Placement.           (line   6)
* List Processes:                        Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line  30)
* Lookup <1>:                            Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line  14)
* Lookup <2>:                            Looking up Definitions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Lookup:                                Tool Bar.            (line  38)
* Lookup ():                             Source Menu.         (line  14)
* Machine Code Indentation:              Customizing Machine Code.
                                                              (line  22)
* Machine Code Window:                   View Menu.           (line  28)
* Maintenance <1>:                       Maintenance Menu.    (line   6)
* Maintenance:                           Menu Bar.            (line  42)
* Make <1>:                              Recompiling.         (line   6)
* Make <2>:                              Command Tool.        (line 102)
* Make:                                  File Menu.           (line  52)
* Memory <1>:                            Examining Memory.    (line   6)
* Memory:                                Data Menu.           (line  18)
* New Display:                           Display Shortcuts.   (line  48)
* New Game:                              Maintenance Menu.    (line  22)
* Next <1>:                              Resuming Execution.  (line  41)
* Next <2>:                              Command Tool.        (line  49)
* Next <3>:                              Commands Menu.       (line  21)
* Next:                                  Program Menu.        (line  34)
* Next Instruction <1>:                  Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line  13)
* Next Instruction:                      Program Menu.        (line  40)
* Nexti <1>:                             Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line  13)
* Nexti:                                 Command Tool.        (line  55)
* On item:                               Help Menu.           (line  13)
* Open <1>:                              Opening Source Files.
                                                              (line  15)
* Open <2>:                              Opening Core Dumps.  (line   9)
* Open:                                  Opening Programs.    (line   6)
* Open Class <1>:                        Opening Programs.    (line   9)
* Open Class:                            File Menu.           (line  12)
* Open Core Dump:                        File Menu.           (line  20)
* Open Program <1>:                      Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line  21)
* Open Program <2>:                      Opening Programs.    (line   6)
* Open Program:                          File Menu.           (line  12)
* Open Recent <1>:                       Opening Programs.    (line  12)
* Open Recent:                           File Menu.           (line  16)
* Open Session <1>:                      File Menu.           (line  28)
* Open Session:                          Resuming Sessions.   (line   6)
* Open Source <1>:                       Opening Source Files.
                                                              (line   6)
* Open Source:                           File Menu.           (line  24)
* Orientation:                           Printing the Graph.  (line  31)
* Other:                                 Display Shortcuts.   (line  19)
* Overview:                              Help Menu.           (line  10)
* Paper Size <1>:                        Printing Plots.      (line  20)
* Paper Size:                            Printing the Graph.  (line  31)
* Pass:                                  Signals.             (line  47)
* Paste <1>:                             Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Paste:                                 Edit Menu.           (line  39)
* Perl Console:                          View Menu.           (line  17)
* Perl Reference <1>:                    Getting Help.        (line  41)
* Perl Reference:                        Help Menu.           (line  31)
* Perl Settings:                         Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* Placement <1>:                         Clustering.          (line  35)
* Placement:                             Placement.           (line   6)
* Plot <1>:                              Gnuplot Invocation.  (line   6)
* Plot <2>:                              Plot Appearance.     (line  15)
* Plot:                                  Tool Bar.            (line  82)
* Plot Window:                           Gnuplot Invocation.  (line  13)
* Portrait:                              Printing Plots.      (line  20)
* Preferences:                           Edit Menu.           (line  62)
* Previous:                              Commands Menu.       (line  17)
* Print <1>:                             Printing Values.     (line   6)
* Print <2>:                             Signals.             (line  41)
* Print <3>:                             Editing all Watchpoints.
                                                              (line  10)
* Print <4>:                             Editing Watchpoint Properties.
                                                              (line  10)
* Print:                                 Tool Bar.            (line  74)
* Print ():                              Data Menu.           (line  21)
* Print Command:                         Printing the Graph.  (line   9)
* Print Graph <1>:                       Printing the Graph.  (line   9)
* Print Graph:                           File Menu.           (line  44)
* Print Plot:                            Printing Plots.      (line   6)
* Program <1>:                           Program Menu.        (line   6)
* Program:                               Menu Bar.            (line  22)
* PYDB Console:                          View Menu.           (line  17)
* PYDB Reference <1>:                    Getting Help.        (line  41)
* PYDB Reference:                        Help Menu.           (line  31)
* PYDB Settings:                         Edit Menu.           (line  66)
* Quit Search:                           Commands Menu.       (line  33)
* Record <1>:                            GDB Simple Commands. (line  18)
* Record:                                Breakpoint Commands. (line  22)
* Red Background <1>:                    Applying Data Themes to Several Values.
                                                              (line  17)
* Red Background:                        Using Data Themes.   (line  30)
* Redo <1>:                              Undoing Program Execution.
                                                              (line  23)
* Redo <2>:                              Looking up Previous Locations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Redo <3>:                              Undo and Redo.       (line   9)
* Redo <4>:                              Command Tool.        (line  94)
* Redo:                                  Edit Menu.           (line  15)
* Refer to Program Sources:              Customizing Source Lookup.
                                                              (line   6)
* Refresh:                               Data Menu.           (line  57)
* Refresh Displays <1>:                  Repeated Values.     (line  12)
* Refresh Displays:                      Refreshing the Data Window.
                                                              (line  15)
* Registers <1>:                         Registers.           (line   6)
* Registers:                             Status Menu.         (line  13)
* Reload Source <1>:                     Editing Source Code. (line  18)
* Reload Source:                         Source Menu.         (line  46)
* Remove Menu:                           Maintenance Menu.    (line  42)
* Reset:                                 Signals.             (line  57)
* Restart:                               File Menu.           (line  59)
* Rotate:                                Tool Bar.            (line  89)
* Rotate Graph <1>:                      Rotating the Graph.  (line   6)
* Rotate Graph:                          Data Menu.           (line  49)
* Run <1>:                               Starting Program Execution.
                                                              (line   6)
* Run <2>:                               Command Tool.        (line  30)
* Run:                                   Program Menu.        (line  13)
* Run Again <1>:                         Starting Program Execution.
                                                              (line  12)
* Run Again:                             Program Menu.        (line  17)
* Run in Execution Window <1>:           Using the Execution Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Run in Execution Window:               Program Menu.        (line  21)
* Save Data As:                          Exporting Plot Data. (line   6)
* Save Options <1>:                      Signals.             (line  80)
* Save Options:                          Edit Menu.           (line  70)
* Save Session As <1>:                   Signals.             (line  80)
* Save Session As <2>:                   File Menu.           (line  32)
* Save Session As:                       Saving Sessions.     (line   6)
* Scale:                                 Plot Appearance.     (line  18)
* Search path for source files:          Source Path.         (line  26)
* Select All:                            Edit Menu.           (line  57)
* Selected Only <1>:                     Printing Plots.      (line  33)
* Selected Only:                         Printing the Graph.  (line  27)
* Send:                                  Signals.             (line  67)
* Set <1>:                               Assignment.          (line   6)
* Set:                                   Tool Bar.            (line  93)
* Set Execution Position:                Continuing Somewhere Else.
                                                              (line  14)
* Set Temporary Breakpoint:              Temporary Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   9)
* Set Value:                             Assignment.          (line  15)
* Show <1>:                              Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  10)
* Show:                                  Tool Bar.            (line  85)
* Show All:                              Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  31)
* Show Just:                             Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  27)
* Show More:                             Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  22)
* Show Position and Breakpoints:         Customizing Glyphs.  (line   6)
* Signals <1>:                           Signals.             (line  26)
* Signals:                               Status Menu.         (line  20)
* Small Titles:                          Using Data Themes.   (line  14)
* Small Values:                          Using Data Themes.   (line  17)
* Source <1>:                            Source Menu.         (line   6)
* Source:                                Menu Bar.            (line  34)
* Source indentation:                    Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  13)
* Source Window:                         View Menu.           (line  21)
* Status <1>:                            Status Menu.         (line   6)
* Status:                                Menu Bar.            (line  30)
* Status Displays <1>:                   Displaying Program Status.
                                                              (line  20)
* Status Displays:                       Data Menu.           (line  41)
* Step <1>:                              Resuming Execution.  (line  16)
* Step <2>:                              Command Tool.        (line  40)
* Step:                                  Program Menu.        (line  25)
* Step Instruction <1>:                  Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line  10)
* Step Instruction:                      Program Menu.        (line  30)
* Stepi <1>:                             Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line  10)
* Stepi:                                 Command Tool.        (line  45)
* Stop:                                  Signals.             (line  37)
* Suppress Values <1>:                   Using Data Themes.   (line  25)
* Suppress Values:                       Deleting Displays.   (line  13)
* Suppress X warnings:                   X Warnings.          (line   6)
* Tab Width:                             Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  35)
* Temp:                                  Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line  20)
* Theme:                                 Using Data Themes.   (line  69)
* Themes:                                Editing Themes.      (line  31)
* Threads <1>:                           Threads.             (line  19)
* Threads:                               Status Menu.         (line  17)
* Threshold for repeated print elements: Repeated Values.     (line  12)
* Tic Tac Toe:                           Maintenance Menu.    (line  22)
* Tiny Values:                           Using Data Themes.   (line  20)
* Tip of the Day:                        Help Menu.           (line  22)
* Tool Bar Appearance:                   Window Layout.       (line  23)
* Tool Buttons Location:                 Disabling the Command Tool.
                                                              (line   6)
* Top to bottom:                         Placement.           (line   6)
* Uncluster:                             Clustering.          (line  31)
* Uncompress:                            Help Helpers.        (line   9)
* Undisp <1>:                            Deleting Displays.   (line   6)
* Undisp:                                Tool Bar.            (line  96)
* Undisplay:                             Display Basics.      (line  13)
* Undo <1>:                              Deleting Displays.   (line  37)
* Undo <2>:                              Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  67)
* Undo <3>:                              Undoing Program Execution.
                                                              (line  23)
* Undo <4>:                              Selecting a frame.   (line  23)
* Undo <5>:                              Looking up Previous Locations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Undo <6>:                              Undo and Redo.       (line   6)
* Undo <7>:                              Command Tool.        (line  90)
* Undo:                                  Edit Menu.           (line  11)
* Undo Buffer Size:                      Customizing Undo.    (line   8)
* Uniconify When Ready:                  Program Stop.        (line  22)
* Until <1>:                             Resuming Execution.  (line  58)
* Until <2>:                             Command Tool.        (line  60)
* Until:                                 Program Menu.        (line  45)
* Unwatch:                               Tool Bar.            (line  68)
* Up <1>:                                Selecting a frame.   (line  13)
* Up <2>:                                Command Tool.        (line  79)
* Up:                                    Status Menu.         (line  24)
* View <1>:                              Plot Appearance.     (line  12)
* View <2>:                              View Menu.           (line   6)
* View:                                  Menu Bar.            (line  19)
* Warn if Multiple DDD Instances are Running: Multiple Instances.
                                                              (line  20)
* Watch <1>:                             Editing Watchpoint Properties.
                                                              (line   6)
* Watch <2>:                             Setting Watchpoints. (line  11)
* Watch:                                 Tool Bar.            (line  63)
* Watchpoints:                           Data Menu.           (line  14)
* Web Browser:                           Help Helpers.        (line  18)
* What Now? <1>:                         Getting Help.        (line  31)
* What Now?:                             Help Menu.           (line  19)
* When DDD Crashes:                      Maintenance Menu.    (line  27)
* Window Layout:                         Window Layout.       (line   6)
* Writing into executable and core files: Patching.           (line  16)
* XDB Console:                           View Menu.           (line  17)
* XDB Reference <1>:                     Getting Help.        (line  41)
* XDB Reference:                         Help Menu.           (line  31)
* XDB Settings:                          Edit Menu.           (line  66)

File: ddd.info,  Node: Key Index,  Next: Command Index,  Prev: Label Index,  Up: Top

Key Index
*********

[index]
* Menu:

* Alt+1:                                 View Menu.            (line 17)
* Alt+2:                                 View Menu.            (line 21)
* Alt+3:                                 View Menu.            (line 24)
* Alt+4 <1>:                             Source Menu.          (line 38)
* Alt+4:                                 View Menu.            (line 28)
* Alt+8:                                 View Menu.            (line  9)
* Alt+9:                                 View Menu.            (line 13)
* Alt+A:                                 Data Menu.            (line 29)
* Alt+G:                                 Data Menu.            (line 45)
* Alt+I:                                 Source Menu.          (line 30)
* Alt+L:                                 Data Menu.            (line 33)
* Alt+N:                                 Source Menu.          (line 34)
* Alt+R:                                 Data Menu.            (line 49)
* Alt+U:                                 Data Menu.            (line 37)
* Alt+W:                                 Source Menu.          (line 26)
* Alt+Y:                                 Data Menu.            (line 53)
* Ctrl+,:                                Source Menu.          (line 22)
* Ctrl+-:                                Data Menu.            (line 25)
* Ctrl+.:                                Source Menu.          (line 18)
* Ctrl+/:                                Source Menu.          (line 14)
* Ctrl+=:                                Data Menu.            (line 21)
* Ctrl+\ <1>:                            Program Menu.         (line 76)
* Ctrl+\:                                Quitting.             (line 17)
* Ctrl+A:                                Edit Menu.            (line 57)
* Ctrl+B <1>:                            Command History.      (line 15)
* Ctrl+B:                                Commands Menu.        (line 25)
* Ctrl+C <1>:                            Interrupting.         (line  6)
* Ctrl+C <2>:                            Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                               (line  9)
* Ctrl+C <3>:                            Program Menu.         (line 70)
* Ctrl+C <4>:                            Edit Menu.            (line 29)
* Ctrl+C:                                Quitting.             (line 22)
* Ctrl+D:                                Quitting.             (line  6)
* Ctrl+Down <1>:                         Selecting a frame.    (line 19)
* Ctrl+Down:                             Status Menu.          (line 30)
* Ctrl+F <1>:                            Command History.      (line 15)
* Ctrl+F:                                Commands Menu.        (line 29)
* Ctrl+F1:                               Getting Help.         (line 31)
* Ctrl+Ins:                              Edit Menu.            (line 29)
* Ctrl+L:                                Data Menu.            (line 57)
* Ctrl+M:                                File Menu.            (line 52)
* Ctrl+N:                                File Menu.            (line 28)
* Ctrl+O:                                File Menu.            (line 12)
* Ctrl+Q <1>:                            File Menu.            (line 62)
* Ctrl+Q <2>:                            Quitting.             (line  6)
* Ctrl+Q:                                Invocation.           (line 11)
* Ctrl+S:                                File Menu.            (line 32)
* Ctrl+Shift+A <1>:                      Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                               (line 30)
* Ctrl+Shift+A:                          Edit Menu.            (line 57)
* Ctrl+U <1>:                            Commands Menu.        (line 45)
* Ctrl+U:                                Edit Menu.            (line 47)
* Ctrl+Up <1>:                           Selecting a frame.    (line 19)
* Ctrl+Up:                               Status Menu.          (line 24)
* Ctrl+V:                                Edit Menu.            (line 39)
* Ctrl+W:                                File Menu.            (line 56)
* Ctrl+X:                                Edit Menu.            (line 19)
* Ctrl+Y:                                Edit Menu.            (line 15)
* Ctrl+Z:                                Edit Menu.            (line 11)
* Down <1>:                              Command History.      (line  6)
* Down <2>:                              Moving Displays.      (line 21)
* Down <3>:                              Selecting Displays.   (line 17)
* Down:                                  Commands Menu.        (line 21)
* ESC <1>:                               Command History.      (line 15)
* ESC <2>:                               Interrupting.         (line  6)
* ESC:                                   Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                               (line 13)
* Esc <1>:                               Commands Menu.        (line 33)
* Esc:                                   Program Menu.         (line 70)
* ESC:                                   Quitting.             (line 11)
* F1:                                    Getting Help.         (line 20)
* F12:                                   Maintenance Menu.     (line 14)
* F2:                                    Program Menu.         (line 13)
* F3:                                    Program Menu.         (line 17)
* F4:                                    Program Menu.         (line 66)
* F5:                                    Program Menu.         (line 25)
* F6:                                    Program Menu.         (line 34)
* F7:                                    Program Menu.         (line 45)
* F8:                                    Program Menu.         (line 50)
* F9:                                    Program Menu.         (line 55)
* Home:                                  Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                               (line 25)
* Left <1>:                              Moving Displays.      (line 21)
* Left:                                  Selecting Displays.   (line 17)
* Return <1>:                            Command History.      (line  6)
* Return:                                Commands Menu.        (line 41)
* Right <1>:                             Moving Displays.      (line 21)
* Right:                                 Selecting Displays.   (line 17)
* Shift:                                 Selecting Displays.   (line 13)
* Shift+Ctrl+L:                          Source Menu.          (line 46)
* Shift+Ctrl+U:                          Commands Menu.        (line 49)
* Shift+Ctrl+V:                          Source Menu.          (line 42)
* Shift+Del:                             Edit Menu.            (line 19)
* Shift+F5:                              Program Menu.         (line 30)
* Shift+F6:                              Program Menu.         (line 40)
* Shift+F9:                              Program Menu.         (line 60)
* Shift+Ins:                             Edit Menu.            (line 39)
* TAB:                                   Tool Bar.             (line 22)
* Tab:                                   Commands Menu.        (line 37)
* Up <1>:                                Command History.      (line  6)
* Up <2>:                                Moving Displays.      (line 21)
* Up <3>:                                Selecting Displays.   (line 17)
* Up:                                    Commands Menu.        (line 17)

File: ddd.info,  Node: Command Index,  Next: Resource Index,  Prev: Key Index,  Up: Top

Command Index
*************

[index]
* Menu:

* cont <1>:                              Undoing Program Execution.
                                                               (line 43)
* cont:                                  Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                               (line 20)
* contuntil:                             GDB Argument Commands.
                                                               (line 22)
* directory:                             Source Path.          (line 50)
* down:                                  Selecting a frame.    (line 19)
* file:                                  Remote Program.       (line 16)
* gcore:                                 Customizing Sessions. (line 10)
* gd:                                    Commands with Other Debuggers.
                                                               (line 30)
* graph apply theme:                     Applying Data Themes to Several Values.
                                                               (line 27)
* graph disable display:                 Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                               (line 53)
* graph display <1>:                     Displaying Program Status.
                                                               (line  9)
* graph display:                         Creating Single Displays.
                                                               (line 23)
* graph enable display:                  Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                               (line 57)
* graph plot:                            Plotting Arrays.      (line 31)
* graph refresh:                         Refreshing the Data Window.
                                                               (line 23)
* graph toggle theme:                    Applying Data Themes to Several Values.
                                                               (line 33)
* graph unapply theme:                   Applying Data Themes to Several Values.
                                                               (line 30)
* gunzip:                                Help Helpers.         (line 12)
* gzip:                                  Help Helpers.         (line 12)
* hbreak:                                Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints.
                                                               (line 10)
* help:                                  Getting Help.         (line 27)
* kill:                                  Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                               (line 20)
* mwm:                                   Gnuplot Invocation.   (line 20)
* print:                                 Printing Values.      (line 16)
* quit <1>:                              Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                               (line 20)
* quit:                                  Quitting.             (line  6)
* remsh:                                 Remote Debugger.      (line  6)
* replot:                                Entering Plotting Commands.
                                                               (line 21)
* rsh:                                   Remote Debugger.      (line  6)
* run:                                   Starting Program Execution.
                                                               (line 12)
* set environment:                       Environment.          (line 10)
* set output:                            Entering Plotting Commands.
                                                               (line 27)
* set term:                              Entering Plotting Commands.
                                                               (line 27)
* target remote:                         Remote Program.       (line 20)
* thbreak:                               Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints.
                                                               (line 17)
* tty:                                   Debugger Communication.
                                                               (line 69)
* unset environment:                     Environment.          (line 10)
* up:                                    Selecting a frame.    (line 19)
* zcat:                                  Help Helpers.         (line 12)

File: ddd.info,  Node: Resource Index,  Next: File Index,  Prev: Command Index,  Up: Top

Resource Index
**************

[index]
* Menu:

* activeButtonColorKey:                  Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  36)
* align2dArrays:                         Arrays as Tables.    (line  12)
* appDefaultsVersion:                    Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  10)
* arrayOrientation:                      Rotating Displays.   (line  22)
* autoCloseDataWindow:                   Display Resources.   (line   9)
* autoDebugger:                          Debugger Invocation. (line  20)
* autoRaiseMenu:                         Auto-Raise Menus.    (line   9)
* autoRaiseMenuDelay:                    Auto-Raise Menus.    (line  15)
* autoRaiseTool:                         Customizing Tool Position.
                                                              (line  10)
* bash <1>:                              GNU Make Initialization.
                                                              (line  13)
* bash:                                  Bash Initialization. (line  13)
* bashDisplayShortcuts:                  Display Shortcuts.   (line  79)
* bashInitCommands:                      Bash Initialization. (line   7)
* blockTTYInput:                         Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  10)
* break_at:                              Images.              (line  18)
* bufferGDBOutput:                       Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  17)
* bumpDisplays:                          Display Resources.   (line  15)
* buttonCaptionGeometry:                 Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  47)
* buttonCaptions:                        Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  41)
* buttonColorKey:                        Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  61)
* buttonDocs:                            Button tips.         (line  21)
* buttonImageGeometry:                   Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  57)
* buttonImages:                          Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  51)
* buttonTips:                            Button tips.         (line  18)
* cacheGlyphImages:                      Customizing Glyphs.  (line  24)
* cacheMachineCode:                      Customizing Machine Code.
                                                              (line  18)
* cacheSourceFiles:                      Customizing Source Lookup.
                                                              (line  26)
* checkConfiguration:                    Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  15)
* checkGrabDelay:                        Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                              (line  14)
* checkGrabs:                            Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                              (line   9)
* checkOptions:                          Multiple Instances.  (line  14)
* CLASSPATH:                             Source Path.         (line  34)
* clear_at:                              Images.              (line  21)
* clusterDisplays:                       Display Resources.   (line  21)
* commandToolBar:                        Disabling the Command Tool.
                                                              (line  13)
* commonToolBar:                         Window Layout.       (line  45)
* consoleButtons:                        Customizing Buttons. (line  11)
* consoleHasFocus:                       Typing in the Source Window.
                                                              (line  13)
* contInterruptDelay:                    Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  28)
* cutCopyPasteBindings:                  Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                              (line  37)
* dataButtons:                           Customizing Buttons. (line  86)
* dataFont:                              Customizing Fonts.   (line 117)
* dataFontSize:                          Customizing Fonts.   (line 131)
* dbxDisplayShortcuts:                   Display Shortcuts.   (line  54)
* dbxInitCommands:                       DBX Initialization.  (line   7)
* dbxSettings:                           DBX Initialization.  (line  15)
* ddd:                                   Images.              (line  24)
* DDD:                                   Environment.         (line  18)
* DDD_NO_SIGNAL_HANDLERS:                Debugging DDD.       (line  21)
* DDD_SESSION:                           Resources.           (line  28)
* DDD_SESSIONS:                          Customizing Sessions.
                                                              (line   6)
* DDD_STATE:                             Resources.           (line  15)
* dddinitVersion:                        Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  20)
* debugCoreDumps:                        Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  25)
* debugger:                              Debugger Invocation. (line  27)
* debuggerCommand:                       Debugger Invocation. (line  35)
* decorateTool:                          Customizing Tool Decoration.
                                                              (line  10)
* defaultFont:                           Customizing Fonts.   (line  54)
* defaultFontSize:                       Customizing Fonts.   (line  69)
* delete:                                Images.              (line  27)
* deleteAliasDisplays:                   Shared Structures.   (line  72)
* detectAliases:                         Shared Structures.   (line  78)
* disable:                               Images.              (line  30)
* disassemble:                           Customizing Machine Code.
                                                              (line  10)
* display:                               Images.              (line  36)
* DISPLAY <1>:                           Remote Host.         (line  14)
* DISPLAY:                               X Options.           (line  10)
* displayGlyphs:                         Customizing Glyphs.  (line  16)
* displayLineNumbers:                    Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  10)
* displayPlacement:                      Placement.           (line  14)
* displayTimeout:                        Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  34)
* dispref:                               Images.              (line  33)
* drag_arrow:                            Images.              (line  39)
* drag_cond:                             Images.              (line  42)
* drag_stop:                             Images.              (line  45)
* drag_temp:                             Images.              (line  48)
* dumpCore:                              Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  29)
* editCommand:                           Customizing Editing. (line  10)
* EDITOR:                                Customizing Editing. (line  10)
* enable:                                Images.              (line  51)
* expandRepeatedValues:                  Repeated Values.     (line  22)
* filterFiles:                           Customizing File Filtering.
                                                              (line   9)
* find_backward:                         Images.              (line  57)
* find_forward:                          Images.              (line  54)
* findCaseSensitive:                     Customizing Searching.
                                                              (line  10)
* findWordsOnly:                         Customizing Searching.
                                                              (line  14)
* fixedWidthFont:                        Customizing Fonts.   (line  95)
* fixedWidthFontSize:                    Customizing Fonts.   (line 111)
* flatDialogButtons:                     Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  72)
* flatToolbarButtons:                    Customizing the Tool Bar.
                                                              (line  66)
* fontSelectCommand:                     Customizing Fonts.   (line 146)
* gdbDisplayShortcuts:                   Display Shortcuts.   (line  64)
* gdbInitCommands:                       GDB Initialization.  (line   7)
* gdbSettings:                           GDB Initialization.  (line  28)
* getCoreCommand:                        Customizing Sessions.
                                                              (line  18)
* globalTabCompletion:                   Command Completion.  (line 102)
* glyphUpdateDelay:                      Customizing Glyphs.  (line  31)
* grabAction:                            Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                              (line  20)
* grabActionDelay:                       Customizing Grab Checking.
                                                              (line  26)
* grey_arrow:                            Images.              (line  60)
* grey_cond:                             Images.              (line  63)
* grey_stop:                             Images.              (line  66)
* grey_temp:                             Images.              (line  69)
* groupIconify:                          Icons.               (line  14)
* hide:                                  Images.              (line  72)
* hideInactiveDisplays:                  Display Resources.   (line  26)
* indentCode:                            Customizing Machine Code.
                                                              (line  26)
* indentScript:                          Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  25)
* indentSource:                          Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  19)
* initSymbols:                           Finding a Place to Start.
                                                              (line   7)
* jdbDisplayShortcuts:                   Display Shortcuts.   (line  69)
* jdbInitCommands:                       JDB Initialization.  (line   7)
* jdbSettings:                           JDB Initialization.  (line  12)
* labelDelimiter:                        Customizing Buttons. (line 152)
* lessTifVersion:                        LessTif.             (line  15)
* lineBufferedConsole:                   Input/Output.        (line  47)
* lineNumberWidth:                       Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  31)
* linesAboveCursor:                      Customizing Source Scrolling.
                                                              (line   9)
* linesBelowCursor:                      Customizing Source Scrolling.
                                                              (line  13)
* listCoreCommand:                       Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  16)
* listDirCommand:                        Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  23)
* listExecCommand:                       Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  30)
* listSourceCommand:                     Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  40)
* lookup:                                Images.              (line  75)
* maintenance:                           Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  33)
* makeInitCommands:                      GNU Make Initialization.
                                                              (line   7)
* maketemp:                              Images.              (line  78)
* maxDisassemble:                        Customizing Machine Code.
                                                              (line  37)
* maxGlyphs:                             Customizing Glyphs.  (line  37)
* maxUndoDepth:                          Customizing Undo.    (line  22)
* maxUndoSize:                           Customizing Undo.    (line  14)
* new_break:                             Images.              (line  81)
* new_display:                           Images.              (line  84)
* new_watch:                             Images.              (line  87)
* openDataWindow:                        Toggling Windows.    (line  16)
* openDebuggerConsole:                   Toggling Windows.    (line  19)
* openSelection:                         Opening the Selection.
                                                              (line   7)
* openSourceWindow:                      Toggling Windows.    (line  22)
* PAGER <1>:                             Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  57)
* PAGER:                                 Environment.         (line  30)
* pannedGraphEditor:                     Scrolling Data.      (line  17)
* paperSize:                             Printing the Graph.  (line  40)
* perlDisplayShortcuts:                  Display Shortcuts.   (line  74)
* perlInitCommands:                      Perl Initialization. (line   7)
* perlSettings:                          Perl Initialization. (line  13)
* plain_arrow:                           Images.              (line  90)
* plain_cond:                            Images.              (line  93)
* plain_stop:                            Images.              (line  96)
* plain_temp:                            Images.              (line  99)
* plot2dSettings:                        Gnuplot Settings.    (line  23)
* plot3dSettings:                        Gnuplot Settings.    (line  27)
* plotCommand:                           Gnuplot Invocation.  (line  10)
* plotInitCommands:                      Gnuplot Settings.    (line   9)
* plotTermType:                          Gnuplot Invocation.  (line  19)
* plotWindowClass:                       Gnuplot Invocation.  (line  33)
* plotWindowDelay:                       Gnuplot Invocation.  (line  39)
* popdownHistorySize:                    Text Fields.         (line   9)
* positionTimeout:                       Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  38)
* print:                                 Images.              (line 102)
* printCommand:                          Printing the Graph.  (line  37)
* properties:                            Images.              (line 105)
* psCommand:                             Customizing Attaching to Processes.
                                                              (line  11)
* pydbDisplayShortcuts:                  Display Shortcuts.   (line  84)
* pydbInitCommands:                      PYDB Initialization. (line   7)
* pydbSettings:                          PYDB Initialization. (line  13)
* questionTimeout:                       Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  42)
* rotate:                                Images.              (line 108)
* rshCommand:                            Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  12)
* runInterruptDelay:                     Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  46)
* saveHistoryOnExit:                     Command History.     (line  25)
* saveOptionsOnExit:                     Saving Options.      (line  16)
* selectAllBindings:                     Customizing the Edit Menu.
                                                              (line  49)
* separateDataWindow:                    Window Layout.       (line  14)
* separateExecWindow:                    Customizing the Execution Window.
                                                              (line  30)
* separateSourceWindow:                  Window Layout.       (line  19)
* set:                                   Images.              (line 111)
* SHELL:                                 Arguments.           (line   9)
* show:                                  Images.              (line 114)
* showBaseDisplayTitles:                 Display Resources.   (line  31)
* showConfiguration:                     Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  38)
* showDependentDisplayTitles:            Display Resources.   (line  35)
* showFonts:                             Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  42)
* showInvocation:                        Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  46)
* showLicense:                           Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  50)
* showManual:                            Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  54)
* showMemberNames:                       Rotating Displays.   (line  26)
* showNews:                              Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  60)
* showVersion:                           Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  64)
* signal_arrow:                          Images.              (line 117)
* sortPopdownHistory:                    Text Fields.         (line  14)
* sourceButtons:                         Customizing Buttons. (line  93)
* sourceEditing:                         In-Place Editing.    (line   9)
* sourceInitCommands:                    GDB Initialization.  (line  37)
* splashScreen:                          Splash Screen.       (line  14)
* splashScreenColorKey:                  Splash Screen.       (line  20)
* startupTipCount:                       Tip of the day.      (line  21)
* startupTips:                           Tip of the day.      (line  12)
* statusAtBottom:                        Window Layout.       (line  54)
* stickyTool:                            Customizing Tool Position.
                                                              (line  16)
* stopAndContinue:                       Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  51)
* structOrientation:                     Rotating Displays.   (line  29)
* suppressTheme:                         Display Resources.   (line  39)
* suppressWarnings <1>:                  Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  68)
* suppressWarnings:                      X Warnings.          (line  12)
* synchronousDebugger:                   Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  58)
* tabWidth:                              Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  40)
* TERM <1>:                              Customizing the Execution Window.
                                                              (line  24)
* TERM:                                  Environment.         (line  23)
* TERMCAP:                               Environment.         (line  27)
* termCommand:                           Customizing the Execution Window.
                                                              (line  11)
* terminateOnEOF:                        Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  63)
* termType:                              Customizing the Execution Window.
                                                              (line  22)
* themes:                                Display Resources.   (line  43)
* tip:                                   Tip of the day.      (line  25)
* toolbarsAtBottom:                      Window Layout.       (line  31)
* toolButtons:                           Customizing Buttons. (line 130)
* toolRightOffset:                       Customizing Tool Position.
                                                              (line  23)
* toolTopOffset:                         Customizing Tool Position.
                                                              (line  27)
* trace:                                 Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  74)
* typedAliases:                          Shared Structures.   (line  82)
* uncompressCommand:                     Help Helpers.        (line  12)
* undisplay:                             Images.              (line 120)
* uniconifyWhenReady:                    Icons.               (line  28)
* unwatch:                               Images.              (line 123)
* useSourcePath:                         Customizing Source Lookup.
                                                              (line  14)
* useTTYCommand:                         Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  69)
* valueDocs:                             Value Tips.          (line  27)
* valueTips:                             Value Tips.          (line  22)
* variableWidthFont:                     Customizing Fonts.   (line  74)
* variableWidthFontSize:                 Customizing Fonts.   (line  89)
* verifyButtons:                         Customizing Buttons. (line 156)
* vslBaseDefs:                           VSL Resources.       (line   9)
* vslDefs:                               VSL Resources.       (line  15)
* vslLibrary:                            VSL Resources.       (line  22)
* vslPath:                               VSL Resources.       (line  26)
* warnIfLocked:                          Multiple Instances.  (line  30)
* watch:                                 Images.              (line 126)
* WWWBROWSER:                            Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* wwwCommand:                            Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* wwwPage:                               Help Helpers.        (line  40)
* xdbDisplayShortcuts:                   Display Shortcuts.   (line  89)
* xdbInitCommands:                       XDB Initialization.  (line   7)
* xdbSettings:                           XDB Initialization.  (line  14)
* XEDITOR:                               Customizing Editing. (line  10)

File: ddd.info,  Node: File Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Resource Index,  Up: Top

File Index
**********

[index]
* Menu:

* .emacs:                                Integrating DDD.     (line  39)
* .gdbinit <1>:                          Debugging DDD.       (line  11)
* .gdbinit <2>:                          Remote Program.      (line  22)
* .gdbinit:                              GDB Options.         (line  35)
* ChangeLog:                             Contributors.        (line   6)
* dbx:                                   Options.             (line  77)
* Ddd <1>:                               Application Defaults.
                                                              (line   6)
* Ddd <2>:                               More Customizations. (line   6)
* Ddd:                                   Resources.           (line  18)
* ddd-3.3.12-rc1-html-manual.tar.gz:     About this Manual.   (line  37)
* ddd-3.3.12-rc1-pics.tar.gz:            About this Manual.   (line  47)
* ddd-3.3.12-rc1.tar.gz:                 About this Manual.   (line  13)
* ddd-VERSION-html-manual.tar.gz:        Getting DDD.         (line  14)
* ddd-VERSION-pics.tar.gz:               Getting DDD.         (line  18)
* ddd-VERSION.tar.gz:                    Getting DDD.         (line  11)
* emacs <1>:                             Integrating DDD.     (line  31)
* emacs <2>:                             Customizing Editing. (line  24)
* emacs:                                 Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* emacsclient:                           Customizing Editing. (line  24)
* emacsserver:                           Customizing Editing. (line  24)
* fig2dev:                               Printing the Graph.  (line  23)
* file:                                  Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  19)
* firefox:                               Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* gdb:                                   Options.             (line  77)
* gdbserver:                             Remote Program.      (line  14)
* gnuclient:                             Customizing Editing. (line  19)
* gnudoit:                               Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* gnuplot:                               Plot Appearance.     (line   6)
* gnuserv:                               Customizing Editing. (line  19)
* init:                                  Resources.           (line  10)
* java.prof:                             JDB Options.         (line  98)
* jdb:                                   Options.             (line  77)
* ladebug:                               Options.             (line  77)
* less:                                  Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  57)
* log <1>:                               Logging.             (line   6)
* log <2>:                               Entering Plotting Commands.
                                                              (line  39)
* log:                                   Options.             (line 365)
* lynx:                                  Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* make:                                  Recompiling.         (line   6)
* mdb:                                   Options.             (line  77)
* more:                                  Customizing Diagnostics.
                                                              (line  57)
* mozilla:                               Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* netscape:                              Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* on:                                    Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  13)
* perl:                                  Options.             (line  77)
* ps:                                    Customizing Attaching to Processes.
                                                              (line  11)
* pydb:                                  Options.             (line  77)
* remsh:                                 Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  13)
* rsh:                                   Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  13)
* sample:                                Sample Session.      (line  10)
* sample.c <1>:                          Sample Program.      (line   6)
* sample.c:                              Sample Session.      (line  10)
* sessions:                              Customizing Sessions.
                                                              (line   6)
* ssh:                                   Customizing Remote Debugging.
                                                              (line  13)
* stty:                                  Input/Output.        (line  38)
* suppress.vsl:                          Display Resources.   (line  39)
* TODO:                                  Contributors.        (line   6)
* transfig:                              Printing the Graph.  (line  23)
* vi:                                    Customizing Editing. (line  10)
* wdb:                                   Options.             (line  77)
* xdb:                                   Options.             (line  77)
* xemacs <1>:                            Integrating DDD.     (line  39)
* xemacs <2>:                            Customizing Editing. (line  19)
* xemacs:                                Help Helpers.        (line  21)
* xfig:                                  Printing the Graph.  (line  23)
* xfontsel:                              Customizing Fonts.   (line 153)
* xmgr:                                  Exporting Plot Data. (line   6)
* xsm:                                   Resuming Sessions.   (line  41)
* xterm:                                 Customizing the Execution Window.
                                                              (line  18)
* xxgdb:                                 Integrating DDD.     (line  53)
* ~ <1>:                                 Resources.           (line  10)
* ~:                                     Options.             (line 450)

File: ddd.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: File Index,  Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

[index]
* Menu:

* Aborting execution <1>:                Program Menu.        (line  76)
* Aborting execution:                    Quitting.            (line  17)
* Ada:                                   Summary.             (line  30)
* Aliases, detecting:                    Shared Structures.   (line  12)
* Animating plots:                       Animating Plots.     (line   6)
* Arguments, displaying:                 Displaying Local Variables.
                                                              (line   6)
* Arguments, of the debugged program:    Arguments.           (line   6)
* Arguments, program:                    Starting Program Execution.
                                                              (line   6)
* Array slices:                          Array Slices.        (line   6)
* Array, artificial:                     Array Slices.        (line   6)
* Array, plotting:                       Plotting Arrays.     (line   6)
* Artificial arrays:                     Array Slices.        (line   6)
* Assertions and breakpoints:            Breakpoint Conditions.
                                                              (line  13)
* Assertions and watchpoints:            Watchpoints.         (line   6)
* Assignment:                            Assignment.          (line   6)
* Assistance:                            Help and Assistance. (line   6)
* Auto-command:                          Commands with Other Debuggers.
                                                              (line  24)
* Automatic Layout:                      Automatic Layout.    (line  21)
* Balloon help:                          Getting Help.        (line   9)
* Bash:                                  Summary.             (line  59)
* Bash, invoking DDD with:               Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  18)
* Box library:                           History.             (line  13)
* Breakpoint:                            Stopping.            (line  18)
* Breakpoint commands:                   Breakpoint Commands. (line   6)
* Breakpoint commands, vs. conditions:   Breakpoint Conditions.
                                                              (line  27)
* Breakpoint conditions:                 Breakpoint Conditions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint ignore counts:              Breakpoint Ignore Counts.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint properties:                 Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, copying:                   Moving and Copying Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, deleting:                  Deleting Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, disabling:                 Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, dragging:                  Moving and Copying Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, editing:                   Editing Breakpoint Properties.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, enabling:                  Disabling Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, hardware-assisted:         Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, looking up:                Looking up Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, moving:                    Moving and Copying Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, setting:                   Setting Breakpoints. (line   6)
* Breakpoint, temporary:                 Temporary Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Breakpoint, toggling:                  Tool Bar.            (line  46)
* Breakpoints, editing:                  Editing all Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Button editor:                         Defining Buttons.    (line  11)
* Button tip:                            Getting Help.        (line   9)
* Button tip, turning off:               Button tips.         (line   6)
* Buttons, defining:                     Defining Buttons.    (line   6)
* C:                                     Summary.             (line  30)
* C++:                                   Summary.             (line  30)
* Call stack:                            Stack.               (line   9)
* Chill:                                 Summary.             (line  30)
* Class, opening:                        Opening Programs.    (line   6)
* Clipboard:                             Edit Menu.           (line   6)
* Clipboard, putting displays:           Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Cluster:                               Clustering.          (line   6)
* Cluster, and plotting:                 Scalars and Composites.
                                                              (line  23)
* Clustered display, creating:           Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  30)
* Command completion:                    Command Completion.  (line   6)
* Command history:                       Command History.     (line   6)
* Command tool:                          Windows.             (line  22)
* Command, argument:                     GDB Argument Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Command, auto:                         Commands with Other Debuggers.
                                                              (line  24)
* Command, breakpoint:                   Breakpoint Commands. (line   6)
* Command, defining:                     Defining Commands.   (line   6)
* Command, defining in GDB:              GDB Simple Commands. (line   6)
* Command, defining with other debuggers: Commands with Other Debuggers.
                                                              (line   6)
* Command, recording:                    GDB Simple Commands. (line  18)
* Command, repeating:                    Command History.     (line   6)
* Command, searching:                    Command History.     (line   6)
* Command, user-defined:                 Defining Commands.   (line   6)
* Command-line debugger:                 Summary.             (line  23)
* Compact Layout:                        Automatic Layout.    (line  15)
* Completion of commands:                Command Completion.  (line   6)
* Completion of quoted strings:          Command Completion.  (line  60)
* Conditions on breakpoints:             Breakpoint Conditions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Context-sensitive help:                Getting Help.        (line  20)
* Continue, at different address:        Continuing Somewhere Else.
                                                              (line   6)
* Continue, one line:                    Resuming Execution.  (line  16)
* Continue, to location:                 Resuming Execution.  (line  51)
* Continue, to next line:                Resuming Execution.  (line  41)
* Continue, until function returns:      Resuming Execution.  (line  81)
* Continue, until greater line is reached: Resuming Execution.
                                                              (line  58)
* Continuing execution:                  Resuming Execution.  (line   9)
* Continuing process execution:          Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line  13)
* Contour lines, in plots:               Plot Appearance.     (line  21)
* Contributors:                          Contributors.        (line   6)
* Copying displays:                      Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Core dump, opening:                    Opening Core Dumps.  (line   6)
* Core file, in sessions:                Saving Sessions.     (line   9)
* Cutting displays:                      Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Data Theme:                            Using Data Themes.   (line   6)
* Data Window:                           Displaying Values.   (line   6)
* Data window:                           Windows.             (line   9)
* DBX:                                   Summary.             (line  36)
* DBX, invoking DDD with:                Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  39)
* Debugger console:                      Windows.             (line  15)
* Debugger, on remote host:              Remote Debugger.     (line   6)
* Debugging DDD:                         Debugging DDD.       (line   6)
* Debugging flags:                       Patching.            (line   6)
* Debugging optimized code:              Compiling for Debugging.
                                                              (line  24)
* Default session:                       Resuming Sessions.   (line  10)
* Deferred display:                      Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  44)
* Deferred display, in sessions:         Saving Sessions.     (line  31)
* Deleting displays <1>:                 Deleting Displays.   (line   6)
* Deleting displays:                     Tool Bar.            (line  96)
* Deleting displays, undoing:            Deleting Displays.   (line  37)
* Dependent display:                     Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  38)
* Dereferencing:                         Dereferencing Pointers.
                                                              (line   6)
* Detail toggling with Show/Hide:        Tool Bar.            (line  85)
* Detail, hiding:                        Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  15)
* Detail, showing:                       Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  10)
* Directory, of the debugged program:    Working Directory.   (line   6)
* Disabled displays:                     Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  47)
* Disabling displays, undoing:           Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  67)
* Display:                               Displaying Values.   (line   6)
* Display Editor:                        Editing all Displays.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display name:                          Selecting Displays.  (line   6)
* Display position:                      Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  34)
* Display selection:                     Selecting Displays.  (line  13)
* Display title:                         Selecting Displays.  (line   6)
* Display value:                         Selecting Displays.  (line   6)
* Display, aligning on grid:             Aligning Displays.   (line   6)
* Display, clustered:                    Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  30)
* Display, clustering:                   Clustering.          (line   6)
* Display, copying:                      Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Display, creating <1>:                 Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display, creating:                     Tool Bar.            (line  78)
* Display, customizing:                  Customizing Displays.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display, cutting:                      Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Display, deferred:                     Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  44)
* Display, deleting <1>:                 Deleting Displays.   (line   6)
* Display, deleting:                     Tool Bar.            (line  96)
* Display, dependent <1>:                Dependent Values.    (line   6)
* Display, dependent:                    Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  38)
* Display, disabled:                     Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  47)
* Display, frozen:                       Stopping X Programs. (line   6)
* Display, hiding details:               Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  15)
* Display, locked:                       Stopping X Programs. (line  25)
* Display, moving:                       Moving Displays.     (line   6)
* Display, pasting:                      Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Display, placement:                    Placement.           (line   6)
* Display, plotting the history:         Plotting Histories.  (line   6)
* Display, refreshing:                   Refreshing the Data Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Display, rotating <1>:                 Rotating Displays.   (line   6)
* Display, rotating:                     Tool Bar.            (line  89)
* Display, selecting:                    Selecting Displays.  (line  10)
* Display, setting <1>:                  Tool Bar.            (line  93)
* Display, setting:                      Remote Host.         (line   6)
* Display, setting when invoking DDD:    X Options.           (line  10)
* Display, showing details:              Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  10)
* Display, suppressing:                  Deleting Displays.   (line  13)
* Display, toggling detail:              Tool Bar.            (line  85)
* Display, updating:                     Refreshing the Data Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Displaying values <1>:                 Displaying Values.   (line   6)
* Displaying values:                     Examining Data.      (line  18)
* Displaying values with Display:        Tool Bar.            (line  78)
* Dumping values:                        Examining Data.      (line  29)
* Edge:                                  Dependent Values.    (line   6)
* Edge hint <1>:                         Automatic Layout.    (line  11)
* Edge hint:                             Shared Structures.   (line  26)
* Editing source code:                   Editing Source Code. (line   6)
* Emacs, integrating DDD:                Integrating DDD.     (line  31)
* Emergency repairs:                     Patching.            (line   6)
* Environment, of the debugged program:  Environment.         (line   6)
* EPROM code debugging:                  Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  10)
* Examining memory contents:             Examining Memory.    (line   6)
* Execution position, dragging:          Continuing Somewhere Else.
                                                              (line  18)
* Execution window <1>:                  Using the Execution Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Execution window:                      Windows.             (line  29)
* Execution, "undoing":                  Undoing Program Execution.
                                                              (line   6)
* Execution, aborting <1>:               Program Menu.        (line  76)
* Execution, aborting:                   Quitting.            (line  17)
* Execution, at different address:       Continuing Somewhere Else.
                                                              (line   6)
* Execution, continuing:                 Resuming Execution.  (line   9)
* Execution, interrupting:               Quitting.            (line  11)
* Execution, interrupting automatically: Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  51)
* Execution, one line:                   Resuming Execution.  (line  16)
* Execution, to location:                Resuming Execution.  (line  51)
* Execution, to next line:               Resuming Execution.  (line  41)
* Execution, until function returns:     Resuming Execution.  (line  81)
* Execution, until greater line is reached: Resuming Execution.
                                                              (line  58)
* Exiting:                               Quitting.            (line   6)
* Extending display selection:           Selecting Displays.  (line  13)
* FIG file, printing as:                 Printing the Graph.  (line  21)
* Files, opening:                        Opening Files.       (line   6)
* Finding items:                         Tool Bar.            (line  42)
* Fonts:                                 Customizing Fonts.   (line   6)
* FORTRAN:                               Summary.             (line  30)
* Frame <1>:                             Frames.              (line   6)
* Frame:                                 Stack.               (line   9)
* Frame changes, undoing:                Selecting a frame.   (line  23)
* Frame number:                          Frames.              (line  28)
* Frame pointer:                         Frames.              (line  21)
* Frame, selecting:                      Selecting a frame.   (line   6)
* GCC:                                   Compiling for Debugging.
                                                              (line  19)
* GDB:                                   Summary.             (line  30)
* GDB, invoking DDD with:                Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  41)
* Glyph:                                 Customizing Glyphs.  (line   6)
* GNU Make:                              Summary.             (line  66)
* GNU Make, invoking DDD with:           Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  23)
* GPL:                                   Free Software.       (line   6)
* Grabbed pointer:                       Stopping X Programs. (line   6)
* Graph, printing:                       Printing the Graph.  (line   6)
* Graph, rotating:                       Rotating the Graph.  (line   6)
* Grid, aligning displays:               Aligning Displays.   (line   6)
* Grid, in plots:                        Plot Appearance.     (line  12)
* Help <1>:                              Help and Assistance. (line   6)
* Help:                                  Getting Help.        (line   6)
* Help, in the status line:              Getting Help.        (line  16)
* Help, on buttons:                      Getting Help.        (line   9)
* Help, on commands:                     Getting Help.        (line  27)
* Help, on items:                        Getting Help.        (line  20)
* Help, when stuck:                      Getting Help.        (line  31)
* Hiding display details:                Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  15)
* Historic mode:                         Undoing Program Execution.
                                                              (line  23)
* History:                               History.             (line   6)
* History, plotting:                     Plotting Histories.  (line   6)
* Host, remote:                          Remote Host.         (line   6)
* HTML manual:                           About this Manual.   (line  33)
* IBMGL file, printing as:               Printing the Graph.  (line  21)
* Icon, invoking DDD as:                 X Options.           (line  17)
* Ignore count:                          Breakpoint Ignore Counts.
                                                              (line   6)
* Indent, source code:                   Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  13)
* Inferior debugger:                     Summary.             (line  23)
* Info manual:                           About this Manual.   (line   8)
* Initial frame:                         Frames.              (line  12)
* Innermost frame:                       Frames.              (line  12)
* Input of the debugged program:         Input/Output.        (line   6)
* Instruction, stepping:                 Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line  10)
* Integrating DDD:                       Integrating DDD.     (line   6)
* Interrupting DDD:                      Quitting.            (line  22)
* Interrupting execution:                Quitting.            (line  11)
* Interrupting execution, automatically: Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  51)
* Invoking:                              Invoking.            (line   6)
* Java:                                  Summary.             (line  55)
* JDB:                                   Summary.             (line  55)
* JDB, invoking DDD with:                Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  21)
* Jump to different address:             Continuing Somewhere Else.
                                                              (line   6)
* Killing DDD:                           Quitting.            (line  22)
* Killing the debugged program:          Killing the Program. (line   6)
* Ladebug:                               Summary.             (line  44)
* Ladebug, invoking DDD with:            Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  43)
* License <1>:                           License.             (line   6)
* License:                               Free Software.       (line   6)
* License, Documentation:                Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* License, showing on standard output:   Options.             (line 218)
* Line numbers:                          Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line   6)
* Local variables, displaying:           Displaying Local Variables.
                                                              (line   6)
* Logging:                               Logging.             (line   6)
* Logging, disabling:                    Disabling Logging.   (line   6)
* Looking up breakpoints:                Looking up Breakpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Looking up items:                      Tool Bar.            (line  38)
* Lookups, redoing:                      Looking up Previous Locations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Lookups, undoing:                      Looking up Previous Locations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Lütkehaus, Dorothea <1>:               History.             (line  13)
* Lütkehaus, Dorothea:                   Contributors.        (line   6)
* Machine code window:                   Windows.             (line  26)
* Machine code, examining:               Machine Code.        (line   6)
* Machine code, executing:               Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line   6)
* Mailing list:                          Help and Assistance. (line   6)
* Make, invoking:                        Recompiling.         (line   6)
* Manual, showing on standard output:    Options.             (line 240)
* Memory, dumping contents:              Examining Data.      (line  29)
* Memory, examining:                     Examining Memory.    (line   6)
* Modula-2:                              Summary.             (line  30)
* Modula-3:                              Summary.             (line  30)
* Mouse pointer, frozen:                 Stopping X Programs. (line   6)
* Name, display:                         Selecting Displays.  (line   6)
* News, showing on standard output:      Options.             (line 246)
* NORA:                                  History.             (line  13)
* Optimized code, debugging:             Compiling for Debugging.
                                                              (line  24)
* Option:                                Invoking.            (line  29)
* Outermost frame:                       Frames.              (line  12)
* Output of the debugged program:        Input/Output.        (line   6)
* Pascal:                                Summary.             (line  30)
* Pasting displays:                      Deleting Displays.   (line  40)
* Patching:                              Patching.            (line   6)
* PDF manual:                            About this Manual.   (line  26)
* Perl:                                  Summary.             (line  70)
* Perl, invoking DDD with:               Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  26)
* PIC file, printing as:                 Printing the Graph.  (line  21)
* Pipe:                                  Input/Output.        (line  12)
* Placement:                             Placement.           (line   6)
* Plot appearance:                       Plot Appearance.     (line   6)
* Plot, animating:                       Animating Plots.     (line   6)
* Plot, exporting:                       Exporting Plot Data. (line   6)
* Plot, printing:                        Printing Plots.      (line   6)
* Plot, scrolling:                       Plot Appearance.     (line  23)
* Plotting style:                        Plot Appearance.     (line  15)
* Plotting values <1>:                   Plotting Values.     (line   6)
* Plotting values <2>:                   Examining Data.      (line  23)
* Plotting values:                       Tool Bar.            (line  82)
* Pointers, dereferencing:               Dereferencing Pointers.
                                                              (line   6)
* Position, of display:                  Creating Single Displays.
                                                              (line  34)
* PostScript manual:                     About this Manual.   (line  18)
* PostScript, printing as:               Printing the Graph.  (line  19)
* Print, output formats:                 Printing Values.     (line  16)
* Printing plots:                        Printing Plots.      (line   6)
* Printing the Graph:                    Printing the Graph.  (line   6)
* Printing values <1>:                   Printing Values.     (line   6)
* Printing values:                       Examining Data.      (line  14)
* Printing values with Print:            Tool Bar.            (line  74)
* Process, attaching:                    Attaching to a Process.
                                                              (line   6)
* Program arguments:                     Starting Program Execution.
                                                              (line   6)
* Program counter, displaying:           Machine Code Execution.
                                                              (line  18)
* Program output, confusing:             Input/Output.        (line  21)
* Program, on remote host:               Remote Program.      (line   6)
* Program, opening:                      Opening Programs.    (line   6)
* Program, patching:                     Patching.            (line   6)
* PSG:                                   History.             (line   6)
* pydb:                                  Summary.             (line  73)
* PYDB, invoking DDD with:               Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  28)
* Python:                                Summary.             (line  73)
* Quitting:                              Quitting.            (line   6)
* Quotes in commands:                    Command Completion.  (line  60)
* Readline:                              TTY mode.            (line  18)
* Recompiling:                           Recompiling.         (line   6)
* Recording commands:                    GDB Simple Commands. (line  18)
* Redirecting I/O of the debugged program: Input/Output.      (line   6)
* Redirecting I/O to the execution window: Using the Execution Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Redirection:                           Input/Output.        (line   6)
* Redirection, to execution window <1>:  Using the Execution Window.
                                                              (line  25)
* Redirection, to execution window:      Debugger Communication.
                                                              (line  69)
* Redoing commands:                      Undo and Redo.       (line   9)
* Redoing lookups:                       Looking up Previous Locations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Refreshing displayed values:           Refreshing the Data Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Registers, examining:                  Registers.           (line   6)
* Reloading source code:                 Editing Source Code. (line  18)
* Remote debugger:                       Remote Debugger.     (line   6)
* Remote host:                           Remote Host.         (line   6)
* Remote program:                        Remote Program.      (line   6)
* Resource, setting when invoking DDD:   X Options.           (line  30)
* Resources:                             Resources.           (line   6)
* ROM code debugging:                    Hardware-Assisted Breakpoints.
                                                              (line  10)
* Rotating displays with Rotate:         Tool Bar.            (line  89)
* Rotating the graph:                    Rotating the Graph.  (line   6)
* Running the debugged program:          Running.             (line   6)
* Scalars, plotting:                     Scalars and Composites.
                                                              (line   6)
* Scales, in plots:                      Plot Appearance.     (line  18)
* Scrolling:                             Scrolling Data.      (line   6)
* Search, using Find >>:                 Tool Bar.            (line  42)
* Searching commands:                    Command History.     (line   6)
* Selecting frames:                      Selecting a frame.   (line   6)
* Selecting multiple displays:           Selecting Displays.  (line  20)
* Selecting single displays:             Selecting Displays.  (line  10)
* Session:                               Sessions.            (line   6)
* Session, active:                       Saving Sessions.     (line  45)
* Session, default:                      Resuming Sessions.   (line  10)
* Session, deleting:                     Deleting Sessions.   (line   6)
* Session, opening:                      Resuming Sessions.   (line   6)
* Session, resuming:                     Resuming Sessions.   (line   6)
* Session, saving:                       Saving Sessions.     (line   6)
* Session, setting when invoking DDD:    Options.             (line 400)
* Setting variables:                     Assignment.          (line   6)
* Setting variables with Set:            Tool Bar.            (line  93)
* Shared structures, detecting:          Shared Structures.   (line  12)
* Showing display details:               Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  10)
* SIGABRT signal <1>:                    Program Menu.        (line  76)
* SIGABRT signal:                        Quitting.            (line  17)
* SIGALRM signal:                        Signals.             (line   6)
* SIGINT signal <1>:                     Signals.             (line   6)
* SIGINT signal:                         Interrupting.        (line   6)
* Signal settings, editing:              Signals.             (line  26)
* Signal settings, saving:               Signals.             (line  80)
* Signal, fatal:                         Signals.             (line  14)
* Signal, sending to DDD:                Quitting.            (line  22)
* Signals:                               Signals.             (line   6)
* SIGSEGV signal:                        Signals.             (line   6)
* SIGTRAP signal:                        Signals.             (line  53)
* SIGUSR1 signal <1>:                    Debugging DDD.       (line  17)
* SIGUSR1 signal:                        Maintenance Menu.    (line  18)
* Source code, editing:                  Editing Source Code. (line   6)
* Source code, recompiling:              Recompiling.         (line   6)
* Source code, reloading:                Editing Source Code. (line  18)
* Source directory:                      Source Path.         (line   6)
* Source file, opening:                  Opening Source Files.
                                                              (line   6)
* Source file, typing into:              Typing in the Source Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* Source path:                           Source Path.         (line  14)
* Source path, specifying:               Source Path.         (line  26)
* Source window:                         Windows.             (line  12)
* Source, accessing:                     Source Path.         (line   6)
* Stack Frame:                           Frames.              (line   6)
* Stack frame:                           Stack.               (line   9)
* Stack, moving within:                  Selecting a frame.   (line   6)
* Status display:                        Displaying Program Status.
                                                              (line  11)
* Status line:                           Getting Help.        (line  16)
* Status line, location:                 Window Layout.       (line  50)
* Suppressing values:                    Deleting Displays.   (line  13)
* Tab width:                             Customizing Source Appearance.
                                                              (line  35)
* TeX file, printing as:                 Printing the Graph.  (line  21)
* TeXinfo manual:                        About this Manual.   (line  43)
* Theme, Data:                           Using Data Themes.   (line   6)
* Theme, editing:                        Editing Themes.      (line   6)
* Theme, for suppressing values:         Deleting Displays.   (line  13)
* Threads:                               Threads.             (line   6)
* Tic Tac Toe game:                      Maintenance Menu.    (line  22)
* Tip of the day:                        Getting Help.        (line  48)
* Tip of the day, turning off:           Tip of the day.      (line   6)
* Tip, on buttons:                       Getting Help.        (line   9)
* Tip, value <1>:                        Value Tips.          (line   6)
* Tip, value:                            Examining Data.      (line   8)
* Title, display:                        Selecting Displays.  (line   6)
* Tool Bar, location:                    Window Layout.       (line  23)
* Tool tip:                              Getting Help.        (line   9)
* Tornado:                               WindRiver GDB.       (line   6)
* TTY interface:                         TTY mode.            (line   6)
* TTY mode, setting when invoking DDD:   Options.             (line 461)
* TTY settings:                          Input/Output.        (line  38)
* Undo deleting displays:                Deleting Displays.   (line  37)
* Undo disabling displays:               Showing and Hiding Details.
                                                              (line  67)
* Undoing commands:                      Undo and Redo.       (line   6)
* Undoing frame changes:                 Selecting a frame.   (line  23)
* Undoing lookups:                       Looking up Previous Locations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Undoing program execution:             Undoing Program Execution.
                                                              (line   6)
* Undoing signal handling:               Signals.             (line  57)
* Updating displayed values:             Refreshing the Data Window.
                                                              (line   6)
* User-defined command:                  Defining Commands.   (line   6)
* Value tip <1>:                         Value Tips.          (line   6)
* Value tip:                             Examining Data.      (line   8)
* Value, display:                        Selecting Displays.  (line   6)
* Value, displaying <1>:                 Displaying Values.   (line   6)
* Value, displaying:                     Examining Data.      (line  18)
* Value, dumping:                        Examining Data.      (line  29)
* Value, plotting:                       Examining Data.      (line  23)
* Value, plotting the history:           Plotting Histories.  (line   6)
* Value, printing <1>:                   Printing Values.     (line   6)
* Value, printing:                       Examining Data.      (line  14)
* Values, displaying with Display:       Tool Bar.            (line  78)
* Values, plotting:                      Plotting Values.     (line   6)
* Values, plotting with Plot:            Tool Bar.            (line  82)
* Values, printing with Print:           Tool Bar.            (line  74)
* Values, suppressing:                   Deleting Displays.   (line  13)
* Variables, setting:                    Assignment.          (line   6)
* Variables, setting with Set:           Tool Bar.            (line  93)
* virtual machine:                       JDB Options.         (line  13)
* VM:                                    JDB Options.         (line  13)
* VSL:                                   History.             (line  13)
* Watchpoint <1>:                        Watchpoints.         (line   6)
* Watchpoint:                            Stopping.            (line  23)
* Watchpoint properties:                 Editing Watchpoint Properties.
                                                              (line   6)
* Watchpoint, deleting:                  Deleting Watchpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* Watchpoint, editing:                   Editing Watchpoint Properties.
                                                              (line   6)
* Watchpoint, setting:                   Setting Watchpoints. (line   6)
* Watchpoint, toggling:                  Tool Bar.            (line  60)
* Watchpoints, editing:                  Editing all Watchpoints.
                                                              (line   6)
* WDB:                                   WDB.                 (line   6)
* WDB, invoking DDD with <1>:            WDB.                 (line   9)
* WDB, invoking DDD with:                Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  45)
* WildeBeest:                            WDB.                 (line   6)
* WindRiver GDB:                         WindRiver GDB.       (line   6)
* Working directory, of the debugged program: Working Directory.
                                                              (line   6)
* X programs, stopping:                  Stopping X Programs. (line   6)
* X server, frozen:                      Stopping X Programs. (line   6)
* X server, locked:                      Stopping X Programs. (line  25)
* X session:                             Resuming Sessions.   (line  41)
* X Warnings, suppressing:               X Warnings.          (line   6)
* XDB:                                   Summary.             (line  52)
* XDB, invoking DDD with:                Choosing an Inferior Debugger.
                                                              (line  47)
* XEmacs, integrating DDD:               Integrating DDD.     (line  39)
* XXGDB, integrating DDD:                Integrating DDD.     (line  53)
* Zeller, Andreas <1>:                   History.             (line   6)
* Zeller, Andreas:                       Contributors.        (line   6)



