Life Plants Magnoliophyta Magnoliophytina Magnoliopsida Violaceae

Foodplants for Argynnis laodice, A. pandora, A. ruslana lysippe, Boloria alaskensis, B. angarensis, B. dia, B. eunomia, B. euphrosyne, B. kriemhild, B. oscarus, B. pales, B. selene, B. selenis, B. titania, B. titania bivina, B. titania titania, Brenthis daphne, B. hecate, Euclidia glyphica, Euphydryas maturna, Euptoieta claudia, Fabriciana adippe, F. elisa, F. niobe, Idaea straminata, Issoria hanningtoni jeanneli, I. lathonia, Lygephila viciae, Melitaea didyma, Noctua janthina, Sideridis reticulata, Speyeria aglaja, Syngrapha devergens, Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata

800x648 (~88Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki 671:53, 7.6.1997, Photo © Markku Savela	1200x1045 (~131Kb) Finland, Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539), 29.5.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	800x1094 (~66Kb) Finland, Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539), 29.5.2004, Photo © Markku Savela
800x1144 (~73Kb) Finland, Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539), 29.5.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	500x735 (~84Kb) USA: Glacier Basin Path (near parking place), Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., WA, 21.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	550x769 (~64Kb) USA: Glacier Basin Path (near parking place), Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., WA, 21.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela
600x800 (~74Kb) USA: Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve, Thurston Co., WA, 28.6.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	600x722 (~64Kb) USA: Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve, Thurston Co., WA, 28.6.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	900x647 (~71Kb) USA: FR 7174 to Corral Pass (47°01'04N 121°28'16W), Pierce Co., WA, 13.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela
900x617 (~81Kb) USA: Corral Pass region (47°00'15N 121°29'02W ±1km), Pierce Co., WA, 18.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela

The exact identification of these species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group.

• Viola odorata L. Tuoksuorvokki Luktviol English Violet Sweet Violet

  • Viola odorata subsp. maderensis; [CoL]
  • Viola odorata subsp. odorata; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola odorata subsp. stolonifera; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola odorata; [RK], 158; [SK], 406; [GMBOT], 585; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]

  Foodplant for Argynnis hyperbius, A. paphia dives, Issoria lathonia, Sitochroa verticalis

• Viola hirta L. Karvaorvokki Mäkiorvokki Hairy Violet Buskviol

  • Viola hirta; [RK], 158; [SK], 405; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]

  531x902 (~68Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kaarma, Loode tammik, 29.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  1109x832 (~161Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kaarma, Loode tammik, 29.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  Foodplant for Boloria euphrosyne, Pancalia leuwenhoekella, P. schwarzella

• Viola collina Besser Mäkiorvokki Bergviol

  • Viola collina var. glabricarpa; [CoL]
  • Viola collina var. intramongolica; [CoL]
  • Viola collina; [RK], 158; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola hirta ssp. collina; [SK], 406

  854x761 (~94Kb) Finland: Vammala, Sammaljoki, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  733x991 (~61Kb) Finland: Vammala, Sammaljoki, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  1060x900 (~155Kb) Finland: Vammala, Sammaljoki, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

• Viola mirabilis L. Wonder Violet Lehto-orvokki Underviol

  • Viola mirabilis; [RK], 158; [SK], 406; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola rupestris F.W. Schmidt Hietaorvokki Teesdale Violet Sandviol

  • Viola arenaria DC.

  • Viola arenaria; [GMBOT], 586
  • Viola rupestris himalayensis; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola rupestris orioli-bolosii; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola rupestris subsp. orioli-bolosii; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola rupestris var. himalayensis; [POWO]
  • Viola rupestris; [RK], 158; [SK], 407; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  1168x941 (~182Kb) Finland: Vammala, Houhajärvi, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  • ssp. rupestris Harjuhietaorvokki Sandviol

    • Viola rupestris ssp. arenaria (DC.) Hyl.

    • Viola rupestris rupestris; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola rupestris subsp. rupestris; [CoL] ; [POWO]
    • Viola rupestris ssp. rupestris; [RK], 158

    1318x1000 (~153Kb) Finland, Valkeakoski, Saarioispuoli, 10.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

    548x736 (~54Kb) Finland, Valkeakoski, Saarioispuoli, 10.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

    • var. rupestris
    • var. glaberrima (Murb.) Hyl.

      • Viola rupestris f. glaberrima Murb.

      • Viola rupestris f. glaberrima; [SK], 407
  • ssp. relicta Jalas Lappviol Pahtahietaorvokki

    • Viola rupestris relicta; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola rupestris subsp. relicta; [CoL] ; [POWO]
    • Viola rupestris ssp. relicta; [RK], 159
• Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau Early Dog-violet Pyökkiorvokki Lundviol

  • Viola reichenbachiana; [RK], 159; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola riviniana Reichenb. Common Violet Skogsviol Metsäorvokki Common Dog-violet

  • ?Viola silvatica Fr.
  • ?Viola silvatica f. nemorosa N. W. & M.
  • ?Viola silvatica f. villosa N. W. & M.

  • Viola riviniana; [RK], 159; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]
  • Viola silvatica; [SK], 406
  • Viola silvatica f. nemorosa; [SK], 407
  • Viola silvatica f. villosa; [SK], 407
  • Viola silvatica ssp. riviniana; [SK], 407
  • Viola villosa; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  800x534 (~59Kb) Finland, Espoo, ?June 2002, Photo 21062002_13 © Timo Viitanen

  1032x1035 (~189Kb) Finland, Hamina, Hevoshaka, 7.6.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  788x1020 (~165Kb) Finland, Ylöjärvi, Pikku-Ahvenisto, 29.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  Foodplant for Boloria euphrosyne, B. selene, Fabriciana niobe, Speyeria aglaja

• ?Viola mauritii Tepl.

  • Viola mauritii; [SK], 407; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola riviniana × rupestris

  • Viola × burnatii Gremli

  • Viola riviniana × rupestris; [RK], 159
• Viola canina × rupestris

  • Viola × braunii Borbás

  • Viola canina × rupestris; [RKe], 51
• Viola canina L. Heath Dog-violet Hundviol Heath Violet Aho-orvokki

  • Viola canina ruppii; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola canina schultzii; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola canina; [RK], 159; [SK], 406; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]

  Foodplant for Argynnis paphia?, A. paphia dives, Boloria selene, Camptogramma bilineata, Fabriciana adippe, F. niobe, Issoria lathonia, Pancalia leuwenhoekella, P. schwarzella, Scopula immutata, S. immutata, S. nigropunctata, Speyeria aglaja

  • ssp. canina L. Ängsviol Pikkuaho-orvokki

    • Viola canina L.

    • Viola canina canina; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola canina subsp. canina; [CoL] ; [POWO]
    • Viola canina subsp. einseleana; [CoL]
    • Viola canina subsp. ruppii; [POWO]
    • Viola canina subsp. schultzii; [POWO]
    • Viola canina subsp. silvensis; [CoL]
    • Viola canina ssp. canina; [RK], 160

    Foodplant as Viola canina for Argynnis paphia?, A. paphia dives, Boloria selene, Camptogramma bilineata, Fabriciana adippe, F. niobe, Issoria lathonia, Pancalia leuwenhoekella, P. schwarzella, Scopula immutata, S. immutata, S. nigropunctata, Speyeria aglaja

  • ssp. montana (L.) Hartm. Hundviol Norrlandsviol Isoaho-orvokki

    • Viola montana L.

    • Viola canina ssp. montana; [RK], 160
    • Viola canina var. montana; [SK], 406

    500x702 (~40Kb) FINLAND: Ks: Kuusamo, 735:61, 9.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela Viola caninca ssp. montana det. Tapio Lahtonen

    863x1036 (~82Kb) Finland, Ylöjärvi, Ylä-Pinsiö, 29.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

    662x734 (~42Kb) Finland, Ylöjärvi, Ylä-Pinsiö, 29.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  • var. ericetorum (Schrad.) Rchb.

    • Viola canina var. ericetorum; [SK], 406
• Viola canina × persicifolia

  • Viola canina × persicifolia; [RK], 160
• Viola canina × riviniana

  • Viola × baltica W. Becker

  • Viola canina × riviniana; [RK], 160
• Viola canina × uliginosa

  • Viola × klingeana Kupffer

  • Viola canina × uliginosa; [RK], 160
• Viola persicifolia Schreber Strandviol Rantaorvokki Fen Violet

  • Viola stagnina Kit.

  • Viola persicifolia; [RK], 160
  • Viola stagnina var. lacteoides; [POWO]
  • Viola stagnina var. stagnina; [POWO]
  • Viola stagnina; [SK], 406; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  616x915 (~159Kb) Finland, Vesilahti, Mantereenjärvi, 6.6.2000, Photo © Harri Arkkio

• Viola uliginosa Besser Luhtaorvokki Sumpviol

  • Viola uliginosa; [RK], 160; [SK], 405; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola palustris L. Kärrviol Marsh Violet Suo-orvokki

  • Viola palustris juressi; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola palustris palustris; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola palustris subsp. juressi; [POWO]
  • Viola palustris subsp. palustris; [POWO]
  • Viola palustris; [RK], 161; [SK], 405; [GMBOT], 584; [FPN], 297, 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  400x713 (~29Kb) FINLAND, Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 31.5.1998 Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris det. Tapio Lahtonen	600x630 (~27Kb) FINLAND, Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 31.5.1998 Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris det. Tapio Lahtonen	500x654 (~54Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki, 775:50, 11.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris det. Tapio Lahtonen
  700x1038 (~127Kb) Finland, N: Helsinki, Vuosaari/Mustavuori, 1.6.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	identification uncertain 1100x861 (~207Kb) USA: West Fork of Miller River (~ 47.6°N 121.4°W), King Co., WA, 24.7.2005, Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris? det. Stewart Wechsler	1099x833 (~126Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  Foodplant for Argynnis laodice, A. paphia?, Boloria eunomia eunomia, B. euphrosyne, B. selene, Speyeria cybele, S. mormonia, S. mormonia erinna

• Viola epipsila Ledeb. Mossviol Dwarf Marsh Violet Korpiorvokki

  • Viola epipsila subsp. epipsila; [CoL]
  • Viola epipsila subsp. repens; [CoL]
  • Viola epipsila; [RK], 161; [RK], 405; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  500x737 (~52Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Ailigas, 775:50, 12.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela Viola epipsila det. Tapio Lahtonen

• Viola × ruprecthiana Borbás Viitaorvokki

  • Viola epipsila × palustris

  • Viola × ruprecthiana; [RK], 161
• Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldio Skuggviol Dalviol Great-spurred Violet Kaiheorvokki

  • Viola umbrosa (Wahleenb.) Fr.

  • Viola Selkirkii; [GMBOT], 584
  • Viola selkirkii; [RK], 161; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola umbrosa; [SK], 405

  793x1006 (~120Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio	1272x990 (~197Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio	764x756 (~109Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio
  518x714 (~40Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio	1102x1003 (~234Kb) Finland: Akaa, Terisjärvi, 7.5.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio	1322x1011 (~254Kb) Finland: Orivesi, Myllykylä, 24.5.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  Foodplant for Boloria iphigenia, B. thore

  Foodplant as Viola Selkirkii for Boloria iphigenia, B. thore

• Viola biflora L. Arctic Yellow Violet Fjällviol Yellow Wood Violet Lapinorvokki

  • Viola biflora biflora; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola biflora carlottae; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola biflora rockiana; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola biflora subsp. biflora; [POWO]
  • Viola biflora subsp. carlottae; [POWO]
  • Viola biflora var. rockiana; [POWO]
  • Viola biflora; [RK], 161; [SK], 407; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]

  670x545 (~87Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Kirkkotuvat, 775:50, 7.7.1997, Photo © Markku Savela

  800x554 (~55Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Kirkkotuvat, 775:50, 7.7.1997, Photo © Markku Savela

  500x660 (~40Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Ailigas, 775:50, 12.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela

• Viola cornuta L. Sarviorvokki Horned Pansy

  • Viola cornuta; [SK], 408; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria diana

• Viola lutea Hudson Keltaorvokki

  • Viola lutea calaminaria; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola lutea lutea; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola lutea subsp. calaminaria; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola lutea subsp. lutea; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola lutea subsp. sudetica; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola lutea subsp. westfalica; [CoL]
  • Viola lutea sudetica; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola lutea var. westfalica; [POWO]
  • Viola lutea westfalica; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola lutea; [SK], 408 (note); [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola tricolor L. Styvmorsviol Wild Pansy Heart's Ease Keto-orvokki Pansy

  • Viola tricolor macedonica; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola tricolor matutina; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola tricolor subalpina; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris; [CoL]
  • Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola tricolor subsp. matutina; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma; [CoL]
  • Viola tricolor subsp. subalpina; [POWO]
  • Viola tricolor; [RK], 161; [RKe], 51; [SK], 407; [GMBOT], 587; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]

  1428x1014 (~236Kb) Finland: Nokia, Utola, 16.5.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio	1294x1012 (~164Kb) Finland: Nokia, Utola, 16.5.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio	678x1012 (~96Kb) Finland: Nokia, Utola, 16.5.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio
  783x1013 (~82Kb) Finland: Nokia, Utola, 16.5.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio	783x1044 (~81Kb) Lithuania: Dzukija, Marcinkonys, 16.7.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio	744x968 (~81Kb) Lithuania: Dzukija, Marcinkonys, 16.7.2008, Photo © Harri Arkkio
  900x660 (~87Kb) FINLAND: N: Espoo, Tapiola 667:37, 14.5.2000, Photo © Markku Savela

  Foodplant for Argynnis hyperbius, A. pandora, Fabriciana niobe, Issoria lathonia, Pancalia leuwenhoekella, Speyeria aglaja, S. aphrodite

  • var. tricolor kallioketo-orvokki

    • Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor; [CoL] ; [POWO]
    • Viola tricolor tricolor; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola tricolor var. tricolor; [RKe], 51

    465x594 (~34Kb) Finland, Nokia, Haavisto, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio	610x753 (~67Kb) Finland, Nokia, Haavisto, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio	736x1050 (~85Kb) Finland, Nokia, Haavisto, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio
    769x981 (~88Kb) Finland, Nokia, Utolanmäki, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio	743x1009 (~122Kb) Finland, Tampere, Kaukajärvi, 16.6.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  • var. maritima Hagen dyyniketo-orvokki

    • ?Viola tricolor ssp. curtisi (Forst.) Syme
    • ?Viola tricolor var. maritima Schweigg.

    • Viola tricolor curtisii; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii; [CoL] ; [POWO]
    • Viola tricolor var. maritima; [SK], 408; [RKe], 51

    1052x761 (~196Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kihelkonna, Kehila, 30.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

    1064x981 (~167Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kihelkonna, Kehila, 30.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  • ? var. genuina Wittr.

    • Viola tricolor var. genuina; [SK], 407
• Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Kappert Tarhaorvokki Pensé

  • Viola × wittrockiana; [RK], 161
  • Viola × wittrockiana; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola × wittrockiana; [CoL]
• Viola arvensis Murray Pelto-orvokki Wild Pansy Field Violet Cultivated Pansy Field Pansy Åkerviol

  • Viola tricolor ssp. arvensis (Myrray) Gauding

  • Viola arvensis arvensis; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola arvensis megalantha; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola arvensis subsp. arvensis; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola arvensis subsp. megalantha; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola arvensis; [RK], 162; [FPN], 296; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO] ; [RUNEBERG]
  • Viola tricolor ssp. arvensis; [SK], 408

  500x816 (~40Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, 671:53, 30.5.1998, Photo © Markku Savela

  600x622 (~32Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, 671:53, 30.5.1998, Photo © Markku Savela

  678x1034 (~36Kb) Finland, Hamina, Kitula, 6.6.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

  Foodplant for Issoria lathonia

• Viola altaica Pall.

  • ?Viola altaica Ker-Gawler

  • Viola altaica; [SK], 408 (note); [Oleg Kosterin]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Boloria thore

• Viola calcarata L.

  • Viola calcarata calcarata; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola calcarata subsp. calcarata; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola calcarata subsp. cavillieri; [CoL]
  • Viola calcarata subsp. villarsiana; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola calcarata zoysii; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola calcarata; [SK], 408 (note); [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Boloria pales, B. pales pales, Pygmaena fusca

• Viola stricta Hort.

  • Viola stricta; [SK], 408 (note)
• Viola gmeliniana Schultes

  • Viola gmeliniana; [Oleg Kosterin]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola variegata Fischer ex Link

  • Viola variegata nipponica; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola variegata subsp. primorskajensis; [CoL]
  • Viola variegata subsp. variegata; [CoL]
  • Viola variegata; [Oleg Kosterin]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Argynnis zenobia

• Viola pumila

  • Viola pumila; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  1123x965 (~192Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Lümanda, Atla, 30.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

• Viola trinervata Howell Sagebrush Violet 3-nerved Violet Rainier Violet

  • Viola trinervata; [FPN], 296; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola trinervata Howell;

  900x1191 (~120Kb) USA: Green Caynon (~ 47.17°N 120.64W), Kittitas Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela

  Foodplant for Speyeria coronis

• Viola sheltonii Torr. Shelton's Violet

  • Viola sheltonii sheltonii; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola sheltonii; [FPN], 297; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola sheltonii Torr.;

  Foodplant for Speyeria hydaspe

• Viola hallii Gray Hall's Violet

  • Viola hallii; [FPN], 297; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola hallii Gray;
• Viola beckwithii T. & G. Beckwith's Violet

  • Viola beckwithii; [FPN], 297; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola beckwithii T. & G.;

  Foodplant for Speyeria callippe, S. coronis, S. zerene

• Viola lanceolata L. Lanceleaf Violet Lance-leved Violet 'Amerikanorvokki'

  • Viola lanceolata; [GMBOT], 584; [FPN], 297; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria aphrodite, S. idalia

• Viola ocellata T. & G. Pinto Violet

  • Viola ocellata; [FPN], 297, 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola ocellata T. & G.;

  Foodplant for Boloria epithore, Speyeria adiaste?, S. egleis

• Viola howellii Gray Howell's Violet

  • Viola howellii; [FPN], 297, 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola howellii Gray;
• Viola canadensis L. Canada Violet

  • Viola canadensis scopulorum; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola canadensis; [GMBOT], 586; [FPN], 297,298,299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria atlantis sorocko, S. cybele

  • var. canadensis Eastern Canada Violet

    • Viola canadensis canadensis; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola canadensis var. canadensis; [FPN], 297
  • var. rugulosa (Greene) Hitchc. Western Canada Violet

    • Viola rugulosa (Greene) Hitchc.

    • Viola canadensis rugulosa; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola canadensis var. rugulosa; [FPN], 297
    • Viola rugulosa; [CoL] ; [POWO]
• Viola renifolia Gray Kidney-leaved Violet

  • Viola renifolia; [GMBOT], 584; [FPN], 297; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola macloskeyi Lloyd Small White Violet

  • Viola macloskeyi; [FPN], 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola macloskeyi Lloyd;
  • var. macloskeyi

    • Viola macloskeyi var. macloskeyi; [FPN], 298
  • var. pallens (Banks) Hitchc.

    • Viola pallens (Banks) Hitchc.

    • Viola macloskeyi var. pallens; [FPN], 298
• Viola flettii Piper Flett's Violet

  • Viola flettii; [FPN], 298, 299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola flettii Piper;
• Viola septentrionalis Greene Northern Violet

  • Viola septentrionalis grisea; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola septentrionalis septentrionalis; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola septentrionalis; [GMBOT], 582; [FPN], 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria atlantis

• Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch. Aleutian Violet

  • Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch.

  • Viola langsdorfii subsp. langsdorfii; [CoL]
  • Viola langsdorfii subsp. sachalinensis; [CoL]
  • Viola langsdorfii; [FPN], 298; [CoL]
• Viola nephrophylla Greene Northern Bog Violet

  • Viola nephrophylla arizonica; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola nephrophylla nephrophylla; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola nephrophylla; [GMBOT], 581; [FPN], 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Boloria epithore?, B. selene, Speyeria aphrodite

  • var. cognata (Greene) Hitchc.

    • Viola cognata (Greene) Hitchc.

    • Viola nephrophylla cognata; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola nephrophylla var. cognata; [FPN], 298; [FPN], 298
• Viola adunca Sm. Early Blue Violet Hook Violet

  • Viola adunca; [FPN], 298; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola adunca Sm.;

  identification uncertain 1100x730 (~165Kb) USA: West Fork of Miller River (~ 47.6°N 121.4°W), King Co., WA, 24.7.2005, Photo © Markku Savela Viola adunca? det. Stewart Wechsler	identification uncertain 800x1233 (~116Kb) USA: West Fork of Miller River (~ 47.6°N 121.4°W), King Co., WA, 24.7.2005, Photo © Markku Savela Viola adunca? det. Stewart Wechsler	identification uncertain 1800x1107 (~412Kb) USA: Washington, Kittitas Co., Tucquala Lake, 24.7.2011, Photo © Markku Savela
  identification uncertain 1200x1327 (~181Kb) USA: Washington, Kittitas Co., Tucquala Lake, 24.7.2011, Photo © Markku Savela	identification uncertain 1200x1848 (~231Kb) USA: Washington, Kittitas Co., Tucquala Lake, 24.7.2011, Photo © Markku Savela

  Foodplant for Boloria epithore, Speyeria aphrodite, S. atlantis, S. cybele, S. edwardsii, S. egleis, S. hesperis, S. hydaspe, S. mormonia, S. zerene

  • var. adunca

    • Viola adunca adunca; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola adunca var. adunca; [FPN], 299
  • var. cascadensis (Baker) Hitchc. Cascade Violet

    • Viola cascadensis (Baker) Hitchc.

    • Viola adunca var. cascadensis; [FPN], 298
  • var. bellidifolia (Greene) Harr.

    • Viola bellidifolia (Greene) Harr.

    • Viola adunca bellidifolia; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola adunca var. bellidifolia; [CoL]
    • Viola adunca var. bellidifolia; [FPN], 299
  • var. uncinulata (Greene) Hitchc.

    • Viola uncinulata (Greene) Hitchc.

    • Viola adunca var. uncinulata; [FPN], 299
• Viola glabella Nutt. Stream Violet Pioneer Violet

  • Viola glabella; [FPN], 299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola glabella Nutt.;

  1400x1045 (~145Kb) USA: nr. Pigeon Springs Rd (~ 46°38N 122°38W), Lewis Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela

  1802x1202 (~209Kb) USA: Washington, King Co., Forest Rd to Captain Point, 7.8.2011 (47.763N 121.185W), Photo © Markku Savela

  Foodplant for Boloria epithore, B. selene, Speyeria hydaspe

• Viola sempervirens Greene Evergreen Violet Redwoods Violet

  • Viola sempervirens subsp. orbiculoides; [CoL]
  • Viola sempervirens subsp. sempervirens; [CoL]
  • Viola sempervirens; [FPN], 299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola sempervirens Greene;

  1200x939 (~146Kb) USA: nr. Pigeon Springs Rd (~ 46°38N 122°38W), Lewis Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela	1000x813 (~138Kb) USA: nr. Pigeon Springs Rd (~ 46°38N 122°38W), Lewis Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela	identification uncertain 1202x1802 (~179Kb) USA: Washington, King Co., Captain Point, 7.8.2011 (47.761N 121.194W), Photo © Markku Savela
  identification uncertain 1200x1122 (~237Kb) USA: Washington, Whatcom Co., on Watson Lakes Trail, 3.8.2011, Photo © Markku Savela

  Foodplant for Boloria epithore

• Viola orbiculata Geyer Darkwoods Violet Round-leaved Violet

  • Viola orbiculata; [FPN], 299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola orbiculata Geyer;

  Foodplant for Speyeria hydaspe

• Viola purpurea Kell. Purplish Violet Goosefoot Violet

  • Viola purpurea aurea; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola purpurea dimorpha; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola purpurea integrifolia; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola purpurea mohavensis; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola purpurea quercetorum; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola purpurea subsp. dimorpha; [CoL]
  • Viola purpurea var. aurea; [POWO]
  • Viola purpurea var. dimorpha; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola purpurea var. integrifolia; [POWO]
  • Viola purpurea var. mesophyta; [POWO]
  • Viola purpurea var. mohavensis; [POWO]
  • Viola purpurea; [FPN], 299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • Viola purpurea Kell.;

  Foodplant for Speyeria callippe, S. coronis, S. egleis moecki, S. hesperis, S. hydaspe, S. irene, S. zerene

  • var. purpurea

    • Viola purpurea purpurea; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola purpurea var. purpurea; [POWO]
    • Viola purpurea var. purpurea; [FPN], 299
  • var. venosa (Wats.) Brain.

    • Viola venosa (Wats.) Brain.

    • Viola purpurea var. venosa; [POWO]
    • Viola purpurea venosa; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola purpurea var. venosa; [FPN], 299
• Viola nuttallii Pursh.

  • Viola Nuttallii; [GMBOT], 585
  • Viola nuttallii; [FPN], 299; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria aphrodite, S. callippe, S. coronis, S. edwardsii, S. egleis, S. hesperis, S. hydaspe, S. mormonia, S. zerene

  Foodplant as Viola Nuttallii for Speyeria aphrodite, S. callippe, S. coronis, S. edwardsii, S. egleis, S. hesperis, S. hydaspe, S. mormonia, S. zerene

  • var. nuttallii Nuttall's Violet Yellow Prairie Violet

    • Viola nuttallii var. nuttallii; [FPN], 299
  • var. bakeri (Greene) Hitchc. Baker Violet

    • Viola bakeri (Greene) Hitchc.

    • Viola bakeri; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
    • Viola nuttallii var. bakeri; [FPN], 299
  • var. vallicola (Nels.) Hitchc. Valley Yellow Violet

    • Viola vallicola (Nels.) Hitchc.

    • Viola nuttallii var. vallicola; [FPN], 300
    • Viola vallicola; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • var. praemorsa (Dougl.) Wats. Canary Violet Upland Yellow Violet

    • Viola praemorsa (Dougl.) Wats.

    • Viola nuttallii var. praemorsa; [FPN], 300
    • Viola praemorsa flavovirens; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola praemorsa linguifolia; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola praemorsa praemorsa; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola praemorsa subsp. flavovirens; [CoL]
    • Viola praemorsa subsp. linguifolia; [CoL]
    • Viola praemorsa subsp. praemorsa; [CoL]
    • Viola praemorsa var. flavovirens; [POWO]
    • Viola praemorsa var. praemorsa; [POWO]
    • Viola praemorsa; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
  • var. major Hook. Nutall Violet

    • Viola major Hook.;
    • Viola nuttallii var. major; [FPN], 300
    • Viola praemorsa var. major; [POWO]
    • Viola vallicola major; [iNaturalist]
    • Viola vallicola var. major; [CoL]

• Viola pedata L. Bird-foot Violet

  • Viola pedata subsp. cuneatiloba; [POWO]
  • Viola pedata subsp. pedata; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola pedata var. flabellata; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola pedata var. ranunculifolia; [CoL]
  • Viola pedata; [GMBOT], 580; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria idalia

• Viola cucullata Ait.

  • Viola cucullata; [GMBOT], 581; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria diana

• Viola affinis Le Conte

  • Viola affinis; [GMBOT], 581; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola latiuscula Greene

  • Viola latiuscula; [GMBOT], 581; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola missouriensis Greene

  • Viola missouriensis; [GMBOT], 581; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola papilionacea Pursh.

  • Viola papilionacea; [GMBOT], 582

  Foodplant for Speyeria aphrodite, S. cybele, S. diana, S. idalia

• Viola stoneana House

  • Viola Stoneana; [GMBOT], 582
  • Viola stoneana; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola palmata L.

  • Viola palmata; [GMBOT], 582; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola triloba Schwein

  • Viola triloba dilatata; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola triloba triloba; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola triloba; [GMBOT], 582; [iNaturalist]
• Viola sororia Willd.

  • Viola sororia priceana; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola sororia sororia; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola sororia; [GMBOT], 582; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Boloria bellona, Speyeria aphrodite, S. cybele, S. diana, S. idalia, S. mormonia, S. nokomis

• Viola hirsutula Brainerd

  • Viola hirsutula; [GMBOT], 582; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola novae-angliae House

  • Viola novae-angliae; [GMBOT], 583; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola fimbriatula Sm.

  • Viola fimbriatula; [GMBOT], 583; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria aphrodite

• Viola sagittata Ait.

  • Viola sagittata; [GMBOT], 583; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria aphrodite, S. idalia

• Viola emarginata Le Conte

  • Viola emarginata; [GMBOT], 583; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola brittoniana Pollard

  • Viola Brittoniana; [GMBOT], 583
  • Viola brittoniana; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola pectinata Bicknell

  • Viola pectinata; [GMBOT], 583; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola pedatifida G. Don

  • Viola pedatifida; [GMBOT], 583; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola viarum Pollard

  • Viola viarum; [GMBOT], 584; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola primulifolia L. Primrose-leaved Violet

  • Viola primulifolia occidentalis; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola primulifolia primulifolia; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola primulifolia var. occidentalis; [POWO]
  • Viola primulifolia var. primulifolia; [POWO]
  • Viola primulifolia; [GMBOT], 584; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola pallens (Banks) Brainerd.

  • Viola pallens; [GMBOT], 584

  Foodplant for Boloria bellona

• Viola blanda (Banks) Brainerd.

  • Viola blanda; [GMBOT], 584; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola incognita Brainerd.

  • Viola incognita; [GMBOT], 584; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola rotundifolia Michx. Early Yellow Violet Round-leaved Violet

  • Viola rotundifolia; [GMBOT], 585; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria cybele

• Viola hastata Michx. Halberd-leaved Violet

  • Viola hastata; [GMBOT], 585; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow Violet

  • Viola pubescens; [GMBOT], 585; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola scabriuscula Schwein. Smooth Yellow Violet

  • Viola scabriuscula; [GMBOT], 585
• Viola striata Ait.

  • Viola striata; [GMBOT], 586; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola conspersa Reichenb.

  • Viola conspersa; [GMBOT], 586
• Viola labradorica Schrank.

  • Viola labradorica; [GMBOT], 586; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola walteri House

  • Viola Walteri; [GMBOT], 586
  • Viola walteri; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]

  Foodplant for Speyeria egleis

  Foodplant as Viola Walteri for Speyeria egleis

• Viola rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet

  • Viola rostrata alpina; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola rostrata japonica; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola rostrata rostrata; [iNaturalist]
  • Viola rostrata var. japonica; [CoL] ; [POWO]
  • Viola rostrata var. rostrata; [POWO]
  • Viola rostrata; [GMBOT], 587; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [POWO]
• Viola rafinesquii Greene

  • Viola Rafinesquii; [GMBOT], 587