Tirumala

Tirumala Moore, [1880] Blue Tigers

Tirumala Moore, [1880]; Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4; TS: Papilio limniace Cramer
Melinda Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 229 (preocc. Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); TS: Danais formosa Godman
- = Tirumala; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Elsa Honrath, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): 436; TS: Elsa morgeni Honrath
- = Tirumala; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Elsa; [NHM-BMW]
Tirumala; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW]
Tirumala (Danaina); Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218; [AfrL]; Brower, Wahlberg, Ogawa, Boppre & Vane-Wright, 2010, Syst. Biodiv. 8 (1): 84
Tirumala (Danaini); [Wahlberg, 2023]
Tirumala (Euploeinae); Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4

Tirumala formosa (Godman, 1880)

Cameroon, Adamawa - Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. See [maps] Beautiful Tiger Forest Monarch

Danais formosa Godman, 1880; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1880: 183, pl. 19, f. 1; TL: Gnuru Hills, East Africa
yala (Stoneham, 1958) (Danaus); Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 2; TL: Kenya

Danaus formosa; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 1100, f. 15
Tirumala formosa yala; [CoL]
Tirumala formosa; [MWB]: 196, pl. 13, f. 77-78; [BK]: 258, f. 27, f. 387; [AfrL]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. f. formosa E.Kenya (E of Rift Valley), NE.Tanzania

Danais formosa formosa; [BAFR], 153
Tirumala formosa formosa; [AfrL]; [iNaturalist]

T. f. mercedonia (Karsch, 1894) W.Kenya (W of Rift Valley), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, NW.Tanzania

Melinda mercedonia Karsch, 1894; Ent. Nachr. 20 (14/15): 225

Danaus formosa mercedonia; [BAFR], 153
Danaus mercedonia; [BOW]: pl. 110, f. 18
Tirumala formosa mercedonia; [AfrL]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. f. morgeni (Honrath, 1892) Cameroun

Elsa morgeni Honrath, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): 436, pl. 15, f. 5; TL: Kamerun

Danaus formosa morgeni; [BAFR], 153
Danaus morgeni; [BOW]: pl. 110, f. 18 (text only)
Tirumala formosa morgeni; [AfrL]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. f. neumanni (Rothschild, 1902) Ethiopia

Danaus formosa neumanni Rothschild, 1902; Novit. Zool. 9: 596; TL: Kaffa

Danaus formosa neumanni; [BAFR], 153 (text)
Tirumala formosa neumanni; [AfrL]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, [1847])

Tropical Africa. See [maps] African Blue Tiger

Danais limniace var. petiverana Doubleday, [1847]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 93, pl. 12, f. 1; TL: [? West ] Africa
Danais leonora Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 51; TL: Angola
phrynichus (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203
septentrionides (Stoneham, 1958) (Danaus); Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 1; TL: Kenya

Danaus limniace petiverana; [PBSA]
Danaus petiverana; [BAFR], 152
Tirumala petiverana leonora; [CoL]
Tirumala petiverana phrynichus; [CoL]
Tirumala petiverana septentrionides; [CoL]
Tirumala petiverana; [MWB]: 196, pl. 13, f. 79; [BK]: 257, pl. 27, f. 386; [AfrL]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Tirumala gautama (Moore, 1877)

Burma, Thailand, Laos, S.Vietnam, Hainan. See [maps] Scarce Blue Tiger

Danais gautama Moore, 1877; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 (115): 43; TL: Henzada, Rangoon, Burma

Danaus gautama; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 15
Tirumala gautama; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 33, pl. 7, f. 1, 1a; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 197, pl. 13, f. 80; [MRS], 273; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. g. gautama Mergui Archipelago, Langkawi, S.Burma

Tirumala gautama gautama; Morishita, 1970, Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4): 65; [BOR], 206; [Yutaka Inayoshi]

T. g. gautamoides (Doherty, 1886) Nicobars

Danais (Tirumala) gautamoides Doherty, 1886; J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55 Pt.II (3): 257; TL: Nicobars

Tirumala gautama gautamoides; [BOR], 206; [CoL]
Tirumala gautamoides; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 33, pl. 6, f. 2, 2a

Tirumala euploeomorpha (Howarth, Kawazoe & Sibatani, 1976)

Solomon Islands (Santa Ana, San Cristobal). See [maps]

Danaus (Tirumala) euploeomorpha Howarth, Kawazoe & Sibatani, 1976; Tyô to Ga 27 (4): 131; TL: Solomon Islands, Santa Ana Is., Eastern Distr.

Tirumala euploeomorpha; [MWB]: 197, pl. 14, f. 81-82, pl. VII, f. 60; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Tirumala choaspes (Butler, 1866)

Sula Islands. See [maps] Sulawesi Blue Tiger

Danais choaspes Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 52; TL: S.Sulawesi, Makasar
choaspina (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Sula Is.

Danaus choaspes; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 12
Tirumala choaspes choaspina; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
Tirumala choaspes; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 198, pl. 14, f. 83, pl. VII, f. 55, pl. X, f. 126; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. c. choaspes Sulawesi

Tirumala choaspes choaspes; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218; [iNaturalist]

T. c. kroeseni (Martin, 1910) Buton

Danais (Tirumala) choaspes kroeseni Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 20; TL: Buton I.

Tirumala choaspes kroeseni; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. c. oxynthas (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Sula Is.

choaspes oxynthas (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Sula Is.

Tirumala choaspes oxynthas; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. c. kalawara (Martin, 1913) Sulawesi

Danais (Tirumala) choaspes kalawara Martin, 1913; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 27 (2): 109, (3):123; TL: Celebes

Tirumala choaspes kalawara; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886

Philippines (Tumanao I, SE.Mindanao). See [maps]

Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886; Reisen Philipp. (1): 15, pl. 3, f. 1

Tirumala choaspes tumanana; [BOR], 206; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace tumanana; Morishita, 1981, in Tsukada, Butterflies of the south-east Asian islands 2: 462, pl. 94, f. 15-17
Tirumala tumanana; Hashimoto, Schroeder, Treadaway & Vane-Wright, 2012, J. Res. Lepid. 45: 40; [iNaturalist]

Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775])

Afghanistan - India, Ceylon, Kashmir - China, Burma, Hong Kong. See [maps] Blue Tiger

Papilio limniace Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 92, pl. 59, f. D, E; TL: China
moaria (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Formosa
norinia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Hainan
Danais limniace fruhstorferi van Eecke, 1915; Zool. Meded. 1 (13): 209; TL: Wetter [?]
Danaida limniace kuchingana Moulton, 1915; Entomologist 48: 97; TL: "Kuching (Sarawak)"
Danais limniaca[sic?] ab. koshunensis Sonan, 1931; Zephyrus 3 (3/4): 198; TL: Formosa
Danais limniaca[sic?] ab. kurarensis Sonan, 1931; Zephyrus 3 (3/4): 198; TL: Formosa
joannisi (Dufrane, 1948) (Danaus); Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10): 192; TL: Tonkin
disjuncta (Dufrane, 1948) (Danaus); Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10): 192; TL: Tonkin

Danais limniace; [BIR], 67
Danaus limniace; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 19
Tirumala limniace disjuncta; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace fruhstorferi; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace joannisi; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace koshunensis; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace kuchingana; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace kurarensis; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace moaria; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace norinia; [CoL]
Tirumala limniace; Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4, pl. 1, f. 3; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 39, pl. 6, f. 1, 1a-b; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 98; [BOR], 204; [BHR]; [MWB]: 198, pl. 14, f. 84, pl. IX, f. 88, pl. X, f. 124; [MRS], 272; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]

600x400 (~48Kb) upperside India: Pune, 2.11.2008 © Kedar Tokekar

600x400 (~60Kb) underside India: Pune, 2.11.2008 © Kedar Tokekar

T. l. limniace S.China, Indo-China, Hainan, Taiwan

?mutina (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 204
Danaida limniace mutina Ormiston, 1918; Spolia Zeylanica: 4; TL: Ceylon

Tirumala limniace limniace; Morishita, 1970, Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4): 64; [BOR], 205; [iNaturalist] ; [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Tirumala limniace mutina; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

553x540 (~136Kb) Cambodia, Mondulkiri Province, a river (temporarily a weak brook) 16 km NNE of Sen Monorom, 26th June 2018, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

T. l. leopardus (Butler, 1866) Ceylon, India - S.Burma

Danais leopardus Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 52; TL: N.India

Tirumala limniace leopardus; [BOR], 205; [CoL]

T. l. ino (Butler, 1871) Sula

Danais ino Butler, 1871; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871: 79; TL: Sula

Tirumala limniace ino; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL]

T. l. conjuncta Moore, 1883 Java, Bali, Kangean, Bawean, Lesser Sunda Is.

Tirumala conjuncta Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 231, (3): pl. 29, f. 2; TL: Java
?Tirumala limniace ab. donia Fruhstorfer, 1897; Berl. Ent. Zs. 42 (1/2): 120

Tirumala limniace conjuncta; [BOR], 205; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. l. bentenga (Martin, 1910) Selajar

Danais (Tirumala) limniace bentenga Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 22; TL: Benteng I.

Tirumala limniace bentenga; [BOR], 205; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL]

T. l. makassara (Martin, 1910) S.Sulawesi

Danais (Tirumala) limniace makassara Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 21; TL: S.Celebes

Tirumala limniace makassara; [BOR], 205; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. l. orestilla (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Philippines (Luzon)

limniace orestilla (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 205

Tirumala limniace orestilla; [BOR], 205; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

T. l. vaneeckeni Bryk, 1937² Timor, Wetar

limniace vaneeckeni Bryk, 1937²; in Strand, Lepid. Cat. 78: 113

Danaus limniace vaneeckeni; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala limniace vaneeckeni; [CoL]

T. l. exotica (Gmelin, 1790)

Papilio exoticus Gmelin, [1790]; in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edn 13) 1 (5): 2289, no. 886; TL: Ceylon

Tirumala limniace exotica; [BMP]: 105, pl. 11, f. 10; [iNaturalist]
Tirumala limniace exoticus; Torben B. Larsen; [CoL]

ssp. Tanahjampea

Tirumala limniace ssp.; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874)

India, Ceylon, W.China. See [maps]

Danais septentrionis Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 163; TL: Nepal
microsticta (Kheil, 1884) (Danaus); Rhopalocera Ins. Nias: 16 (preocc. Danais microsticta Butler, 1874); TL: Nias
Tirumala septentrionis palawana Fruhstorfer, 1899; Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 114, 120; TL: Palawan
Tirumala septentrionis rufiventris Fruhstorfer, 1899; Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 114; TL: Nias
suanetes (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Balabak
emona (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Paragua
Tirumala mistella Swinhoe, 1915; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16 (93): 171; TL: Malang, Java
?septentrionalis Williams, 1930
julia Hulstaert, 1931²; Genera Insectorum 193: 46; TL: Palawan
jacouleti (Nakahara, 1941) (Danaus); Zephyrus 9: 1-3
pandora Corbet, 1942; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 9 (52): 268; TL: Siberut I.
addenda (Dufrane, 1948) (Danaus); Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10): 192
nocturalis Murayama, 1958; New Ent. 7 (1): 27; TL: Formosa

Danais septentrionis; Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 822
Danaus septentrionis; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 7
Tirumala hamata septentrionis; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 98
Tirumala septentrionis; Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 5, pl. 1, f. 2; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 34, pl. 7, f. 2, 2a; [BOR], 205; [MWB]: 199, pl. 14, f. 85; [MRS], 273; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]

T. s. septentrionis N.India - Peninsular Malaya, Langkawi, Singapore, Thailand, Indo-China, S.China, Taiwan

Tirumala hamata septentrionis ab. seminocturnalis Murayama, 1961; Tyô to Ga 11 (4): 56, f. 2; TL: Poli?, Formosa

Tirumala hamata septentrionis; Morishita, 1970, Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4): 65
Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis; [BOR], 205; [BMP]: 105, pl. 11, f. 8; [iNaturalist] ; [Yutaka Inayoshi]

1078x914 (~133Kb) ♂ upperside Thailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, a small wood at a grassy swamp at the Jomtien beach, between B.O. Guesthouse and Jomtien Metro Condotel, 2nd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1014x849 (~101Kb) ♂ underside hailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikaew beach, a side of a road through shrubbery along the coast, 3rd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1001x809 (~100Kb) ♂ underside hailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikaew beach, a side of a road through shrubbery along the coast, 3rd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
769x514 (~119Kb) underside Thailand, Krabi 24.12.2003-7.1.2004, Photo © Olli Vesikko Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis det. Dick Vane-Wright	1109x820 (~246Kb) ♂ underside Cambodia, Ratanakiri Province, Ta Veng, the Se San River right bank, 3rd June 2013, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

T. s. dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899 S.India

Tirumala melissa dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899; Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 113, 119

Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum; [BOR], 205; [iNaturalist]

T. s. musikanos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Ceylon

septentrionis musikanos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202; TL: Ceylon

Tirumala septentrionis musikanos; [BOR], 205; [iNaturalist]
neomelissa musikanos; Talbot, 1949

T. s. myrsilos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Java, Bali, Bawean, Lesser Sunda Is.

septentrionis myrsilos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202; TL: Java

Tirumala septentrionis myrsilos; [BOR], 205; [iNaturalist]

T. s. microsticta (Butler, 1874) N.Borneo

Danais microsticta Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 163; TL: Borneo

Tirumala septentrionis microsticta; [BOR], 205; [iNaturalist]

T. s. valentia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Mindanao

septentrionis valentia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Mindanao

Tirumala septentrionis valentia; [MWB], 199 (note); [iNaturalist]

Tirumala hamata (MacLeay, [1826])

S.Asia, E.Asia, Australia. See [maps] Blue Tiger Dark Blue Tiger Blue Wanderer

Euploea hamata MacLeay, [1826]; in King, Narr. Surv. Austr. 2: 461; TL: Australia
Danais australis Blanchard, 1853; Voy. Pol. Sud. Astrolabe 4: 388, pl. 2, f. 5-6
Papilio melissa Stoll, [1781]; in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32-32): 172, pl. 377, f. C-D (preocc. Papilio melissa Fabricius, 1775); TL: Java
Danais moderata Butler, [1876]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1875 (4): 611; TL: Vaté or Sandwich Is., New Hebrides
Danais hamata var. orientalis Semper, [1879]; J. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (14): 139, no. 1 (Philippines,Hong Kong)
Tirumala angustata Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 232; TL: Tongatabu, Friendly Is.
nephthys (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273; TL: Sulu I.
pelagia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273; TL: Cuyo
sassina (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273
tibula (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273; TL: Camotes
Danaida melissa melissa f. melissina Rothschild, 1915; Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 117; TL: Bali
tutuilae (Hopkins, 1927) (Danaida); Insects of Samoa 3 (1): 8, pl. 2, f. 1-2; TL: Tutuila
neomelissa Bryk, 1937²; in Strand, Lepid. Cat. 78: 115
mendica (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137; TL: Fiji

Danaida melissa hamata; Fruhstorfer, 1916, Archiv Naturg. 81 A (11): 62
Danaida melissa; Fruhstorfer, 1910, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202 (in part); [BIR], 68
Danaus hamata moderata; Holloway & Peters, 1976, J. Nat. Hist. 10: 297
Danaus hamata; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 16; [LepIndex]
Danaus melissa; Forbes, 1939, Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 129 (in part)
Tirumala hamata angustata; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata melissina; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata mendica; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata moderata; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
Tirumala hamata neomelissa; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata nephthys; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata orientalis; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
Tirumala hamata pelagia; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata sassina; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata tibula; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata tutuilae; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [BOR], 206; Dunn & Dunn, 1991, Review Austr. Butts.:; [MWB]: 200, pl. 14, f. 86, pl. 15, f. 87, pl. IX, f. 85, pl. X, f. 123; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Don Herbison-Evans]

Misidentified/misapplied:

Danaida melissa (= Tirumala septentrionis); Fruhstorfer, 1910, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202, pl. 78 a (in part)
Danaus melissa (= Tirumala septentrionis); Forbes, 1939, Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 129 (in part)

T. h. hamata Cape York - Sydney

Danaus hamata hamata; [BAUR], 172
Tirumala hamata hamata; [iNaturalist]

T. h. paryadres (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Timor - Tanimbar, Aru, Kai Is.

hamata paryadres (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203
singaria (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203; TL: Dammer I.

Danaus hamata paryadres; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata paryadres; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata singaria; [CoL]

T. h. arikata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Sula Is.

hamata arikata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203; TL: Sula Is.

Tirumala hamata arikata; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL]

T. h. nigra (Martin, 1910) Buru, Ambon, Serang, Saparua

Danais (Tirumala) melissa nigra Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 24; TL: Ceram

Danaus hamata nigra; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata nigra; [CoL]

T. h. goana (Martin, 1910) S.Sulawesi

Danais (Tirumala) hamata goana Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 23; TL: Goa; Bangala

Tirumala hamata goana; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL]

T. h. leucoptera (Butler, 1874) Waigeu, Gebe, Neomfoor, West Irian

Danais leucoptera Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 163; TL: Dorey

Danaida melissa leucoptera; Rothschild, 1915, Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 196
Danaus hamata leucoptera; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata leucoptera; [CoL]

T. h. talautensis (Talbot, 1943) Talaud

hamata talautensis (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 135; TL: Talaut I.

Tirumala hamata talautensis; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL]

T. h. pallidula (Talbot, 1943) West Irian

hamata pallidula (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 136; TL: New Guinea

Danaus hamata pallidula; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata pallidula; [CoL]

T. h. subnubila (Talbot, 1943) Papua, Yule I.

hamata subnubila (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 136; TL: New Guinea

Danaus hamata subnubila; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata subnubila; [CoL]

T. h. coarctata (Joicey & Talbot, 1922) Biak

Danaida (Tirumala) melissa coarctata Joicey & Talbot, 1922; Bull. Hill Mus. 1 (2): 350; TL: Biak, Schouten Is.

Danaus hamata coarctica[sic?]; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata coarctata; [CoL]

T. h. obscurata (Butler, 1874) New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Group, Bougainville - Guadalcanal

Danais obscurata Butler, 1874; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874: 275; TL: Upolu
gariata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203

Danaus hamata obscurata; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata gariata; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata obscurata; [CoL]

T. h. insignis (Talbot, 1943) Solomons

hamata insignis (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 136; TL: Maleita I.

Danaus hamata insignis; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata insignis; [CoL]

T. h. neptunia (C. & R. Felder, [1865]) Fiji Is.

Danais neptunia C. & R. Felder, [1865]; Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (2): 349; TL: Fiji Is.
Danais claribella Butler, 1882; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 10 (55): 36; TL: Viti
hamata neptunia f. protoneptunia (Poulton, 1924) (Danaida); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1923: ?

Danaus hamata neptunia; [BAUR], 172 (text)
Tirumala hamata claribella; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata neptunia; [CoL]
Tirumala hamata protoneptunia; [CoL]
Tirumala melissa neptunia; Fruhstorfer, 1902, Stettin ent. Ztg 63 (1): 351

?T. h. melittula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Samoa

?Danais melittula Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; Stettin ent. Ztg 30 (1-3): 70; TL: Upolu, Samoa

Tirumala hamata melittula; [CoL]
?Danaus melittula; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 16 (text only)

Tirumala ishmoides Moore, 1883

-. See [maps] Uncertain Blue Tiger

Tirumala ishmoides Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 232; TL: Sulawesi
?australis Semper, 1886; Reisen Philipp. (1): 15
vetusta (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137; TL: Celebes
linea Morishita, 1981²

Danaus ishmoides; Talbot, 1943, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137
Tirumala ishmoides linea; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
Tirumala ishmoides vetusta; [CoL]
Tirumala ishmoides; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 200, pl. 15, f. 88, pl. 60, f. 318A, pl. IX, f. 86; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
?Tirumala melissa ishmoides;

T. i. ishmoides Sulawesi, Bangka I.

Tirumala ishmoides ishmoides; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 220

T. i. vetus (Talbot, 1943) Philippines (Jolo I.)

ishmoides vetus (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137; TL: Jolo I.

Tirumala ishmoides vetus; [BOR], 206; [CoL]

T. i. strymon (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Philippines (Mindanao)

ishmoides strymon (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Mindanao

Tirumala ishmoides strymon; [BOR], 206; [CoL]

T. i. trasinanus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Philippines (Cebu)

ishmoides trasinanus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 276; TL: Cebu

Tirumala ishmoides trasinanus; [BOR], 206; [CoL]

T. i. sontinus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Philippines (Mindoro)

ishmoides sontinus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Mindoro

Tirumala ishmoides sontinus; [BOR], 206; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Tirumala alba Chou & Gu, 1994

Hainan. See [maps]

Tirumala alba Chou & Gu, 1994; in Chou, Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium 1-2: 755, 275; TL: Mt. Diaoluoshan (700m)

Tirumala alba; [iNaturalist]

References:

[AfrL] Mark C. Williams
Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); Afrototropical Butterflies; e-mail: Mark C. Williams
[BHL] The
Biodiversity Heritage Library; and on; Internet Archive; Note: The linking to the content of Internet Archive is somewhat delicate -- notify me when links break!
[BnF]
Gallica / Bibliothèque nationale de France; Annales de la Société entomologique de France; Bulletin de la Sociéte entomologique de France
[CiNii]
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/
[CoL] Catalogue of Life
Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Döring, M., Ower, G., Hernández Robles, D. R., Plata Corredor, C. A., Stjernegaard Jeppesen, T., Örn, A., Vandepitte, L., Hobern, D., Schalk, P., DeWalt, R. E., Ma, K., Miller, J., Orrell, T., Aalbu, R., Abbott, J., Adlard, R., Aedo, C., et al. (2024). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2024-03-26); https://doi.org/10.48580/dfz8d
[Dick Vane-Wright]
Vane-Wright
[Don Herbison-Evans] and Stella A. Crossley
Australian Caterpillars and their Butterflies and Moths
[JRL]
The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera; JRL Archive
[Kedar Tokekar]
India
[LAMAS-2005] Gerardo Lamas
Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)
[LAMAS-NEO] Gerardo Lamas
Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)
[LEPIFORUM]
Lepiforum; Bestimmung von Schmetterlingen (Lepidoptera) und ihren Präimaginalstadien
[LepIndex] Global Lepidoptera Index
Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A., Lyal, C., Ollerenshaw, J., Wing, P., & Hobern, D. (2024). Global Lepidoptera Index. In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, L. Vandepitte, D. Hobern, P. Schalk, R. E. DeWalt, K. Ma, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, R. Adlard, C. Aedo, et al., Catalogue of Life Checklist (1.1.24.106); https://doi.org/10.48580/dg4lg-49xk
[NHM-BMW] Natural History Museum
Butterflies and Moths of the World; Generic Names and their Type-species
[Oleg Kosterin] Institue of Cytology & Genetics
Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/
[Olli Vesikko]
http://koti.welho.com/ovesikko/
[PERSEE]
Annales de la Société linnéenne de Lyon; Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon; Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon; Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France
[Wahlberg]
Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group
[Yutaka Inayoshi]
A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China; Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM
[ZOBODAT] Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum
OÖ. Landesmuseum; ZOBODAT - Literatur
[iNaturalist]
iNaturalist
[maps]
Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.
[²] This may require parentheses or not (original genus not verified)

Some related literature:

[MWB]; Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984
Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology Milkweed butts.
Blanchard, 1853
Voyage au Pole sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelée executé ......pendant......1837-40 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville etc. Zool., Insectes. Vol. 4 Voy. Pol. Sud. Astrolabe 4 : 1-422, pl. 1-25
Brower, Wahlberg, Ogawa, Boppre & Vane-Wright, 2010
Phylogenetic relationships among genera of danaine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as implied by morphology and DNA sequences Syst. Biodiv. 8 (1) : 75-89
Butler, 1866
A Monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Genus Danais, being a Revision of the Insects of that Genus, with Descriptions of new Species in the National Collection Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1) : 43-59, pl. 4
Butler, 1871
Descriptions of some new species of exotic lepidoptera Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 79-83
Butler, 1874
Description of six new Species of diurnal Lepidoptera in the Collection of the British Museum Ent. mon. Mag. 11 : 163-164
Butler, 1874
List of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the South-Sea Islands Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 274-291, pl. 44
Butler, [1876]
On a Collection of Butterflies from the New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands with Descriptions of new Species Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1875 (4) : 610-619, pl. 67
Butler, 1882
Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera, chiefly from Duke of York Island and New Britain Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 10 (55): 36-43, (56): 149-160, (57): 226-238
[MRS]; Chou, 1994
Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1-2 Mon. Rhop. Sinesium : 1-854
Corbet, 1942
Spolia Mentawiensis: Rhopalocera, Danaidae Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 9 (52) : 268-271
[BMP]; Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992
The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Fourth Edition revised by J. N. Eliot with plates by Bernard D'Abrera Butterflies Malay Peninsula (4th edn) : 1-595, pl. 1-69
Cramer, [1775]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 1-132, pl. 1-84 (1775), (8): 133-155, pl. 85-96 (1776)
[BAUR]; D'Abrera, 1977
Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
[BAFR]; D'Abrera, 1980
Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region: -
[BOR]; D'Abrera, 1982-1986
Butterflies of the Oriental Region I-III
[BHR]; D'Abrera, 1990-1993
Butterflies of the Holarctic Region I: 1? (1990), : ?-? (1992), III: 336-524 (1993)
[PBSA]; Dickson & Kroon, 1978
Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa
Doherty, 1886
Additional Notes on new or rare Indian Butterflies J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55 Pt.II (3) : 256-265
Doubleday, [1847]
The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by W. C. Hewitson Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 1-18, pl. A, 1-4 (1-2) (1846), (1): 19-132, pl. 4*, 18*, 5-25, 28 (3-14) (1847), (1): 133-200, pl. 1*, 26, 27, 29 (15-23) (1848), (1): pl. 31-44 (15-23) (1848), (1): 201-242, pl. 30, 45-52, 56-58, 60-62, 64 (24-31) (1849), (1): 243-250 [?], (2): 243-326, pl. 53-55, 63, 65, 66 (32-38) (1850), (2): 327-466, pl. 59, 67-77 (39-50) (1851), (2): 467-534, 143, 144, pl. 78-80 (Index) (51-54) (1852)
Dufrane, 1948
Note sur les Danaidae Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10) : 192-194
Dunn & Dunn, 1991
Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy Review Austr. Butts. (1): 1-196, (2): 197-335, (3): 336-512, (4): 513-660
van Eecke, 1915
Enkele opmerkingen omtrent Indo-Australische Danaiden Zool. Meded. 1 (13) : 205-227
C. & R. Felder, [1865]
Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Behilfen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (1): 1-136, pl. 1-21 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, [1865]), (2): 137-378, pl. 22-47 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, 1865), (3): 379-536, pl. 48-74 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, 1867), (4): 537-548, pl. 75-120, (Inhalts-Verz.) 1-9 (pl. 1-74), (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) , (5): pl. 121-140, (erklärung) 1-10 (pl. 75-107), (Inhalts-Verz.) 1-20 (pl. 108-140), (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Forbes, 1939
Revisional notes on the Danainae Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 101-140
Fruhstorfer, 1897
Rhopalocera Lombokiana Berl. Ent. Zs. 42 (1/2) : 119-126 (mid November)
Fruhstorfer, 1899
Neue Tirumala und Uebersicht der bekannten asiatischen Spezies Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2) : 113-121 (mid July)
Fruhstorfer, 1902
Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lepidopteren der Viti-Inseln Stettin ent. Ztg 63 (1) : 350-359 (1 July)
Fruhstorfer, 1910; Fruhstorfer, 1911
3. Familie: Danaidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 191-216 (20 May, 1910), : 217-224 (20 June, 1910), : 225-240 (15 August, 1910), : 241-248 (29 November, 1910), : 249-264 (12 November, 1910), : 265-272 (17 December, 1910), : 273-280 (13 February, 1911), : 281-284 (14 February, 1911)
Fruhstorfer, 1916
Rhopaloceren aus Holländisch-Neu-Guinea Archiv Naturg. 81 A (11) : 61-78, f. 1-16, pl. 1 (July)
Gmelin, [1790]
Systema Naturae in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edn 13) 1 (5) : 2225-3020
Godman in Godman & Distant, 1880
Descriptions of five new species of Rhopalocera from E. Africa Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1880 : 182-185, pl. 19
Hashimoto, Schroeder, Treadaway & Vane-Wright, 2012
On the taxonomic status of Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae) J. Res. Lepid. 45 : 39-47
Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Neue Schmetterlinge aus dem "Museum Godeffroy" in Hamburg Stettin ent. Ztg 30 (1-3) : 65-80, pl. 1-4
Holloway & Peters, 1976
The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands J. Nat. Hist. 10 : 273-318
Honrath, 1892
Neue Rhopalocera (10) Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2) : 429-440, pl. 15
Hopkins, 1927
Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terrestial Arthropoda. Part III. Lepidoptera, fasc. 1, Butterflies of Samoa and some neighbouring Island-groups Insects of Samoa 3 (1) : 1-64, pl. 1-4
Howarth, Kawazoe & Sibatani, 1976
A new mimetic species of Danaus (Tirumala) from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) Tyô to Ga 27 (4): 131-137
Hulstaert, 1931
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera: Fam. Danaididae: Subfam. Danaidinae & Tellervinae Genera Insectorum 193: 215pp, 6pls
Joicey & Talbot, 1922
Four new butterflies from the Islands of Mefor and Biak (North Dutch New Guinea) Bull. Hill Mus. 1 (2) : 350-352
Karsch, 1894
Einige neue afrikanische Tagfalter aaus den Familien der Nymphaliden, Acraeïden, Danaïdiden und Satyriden Ent. Nachr. 20 (14/15) : 209-240
Kheil, 1884
Zur Fauna des Indo-Malayischen Archipels. Die Rhoplalocera der Insel Nias Rhopalocera Ins. Nias : [1-5], 6-38, 5pls
Kudrna, 1974
An annotated List of Japanese Butterflies Atalanta 5 : 92-120
[BK]; Larsen, 1996
The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history Butterflies of Kenya
[BOW]; Lewis, 1974
Butterflies of the World
MacLeay, [1826]
in King, Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. Catalogue of Insects, collected by Captain King, R.N. in King, Narr. Surv. Austr. 2 : 438-469
Martin, 1910
Die Tirumalaarten der Insel Celebes Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (1): 15-17, (2): 17-26
Martin, 1913
Neue Rhopaloceren aus Celebes Dt. ent. Z. Iris 27 (2): 109, (3): 121-129, pl. 6-8
Moore, 1877
Descriptions of Asiatic Diurnal Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 (115) : 43-52
Moore, 1878
A list of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. Ossian Limborg in Upper Tenasserim, with Descriptions of new Species Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 821-859, pl. 51-53 (1879)
Moore, [1880]
The Lepidoptera of Ceylon Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 1-40, pl. 1-18 (Dec 1880), (2): 41-80, pl. 19-36 (Jan 1881), (3): 81-136, pl. 37-54 (Jun 1881), (4): 137-190, pl. 55-71 (Dec 1881)
Moore, 1883
A Monograph of Limnaina and Euploeina, two Groups of Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Subfamily Euploeinae; with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Part I & II Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 201-252, (3): 253-324, pl. 29-32
Moore, [1890]
Lepidoptera Indica. Rhopalocera, Family Nymphalidae. Sub-families Euploeinae and Satyrinae Lepidoptera Indica 1 : 1-192 (1890), : 193-276 (1891), : 277-317 (1892)
Morishita, 1970
The Danaid butterflies of South Viet-Nam Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4) : 62-71
Morishita, 1981
Danaidae in Tsukada, Butterflies of the south-east Asian islands 2: 439-628, pls. 85-163
Moulton, 1915
Some undescribed Bornean Nymphalidae Entomologist 48 : 97-100, pl. 6
Murayama, 1958
Über die einigen Aberrantförmigen und die unbekannte Schmetterlinge aus Formosa New Ent. 7 (1): 26-30, 1pl
Murayama, 1961
An unrecorded and some aberrant butterflies from Formosa [in Japanese] Tyô to Ga 11 (4): 54-61
Rothschild, 1902
Some new N.E. African Lepidoptera discovered by Oscar Neumann Novit. Zool. 9 : 595-598
Rothschild, 1915
On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier and Vulcan Islands Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 192-208, (3): 387-402
Rothschild, 1915
On Lepidoptera from the islands of Ceram (Seran), Buru, Bali, and Misol Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 105-144, (2): 209-227
Semper, [1879]
Beitrag zur Rhopalocerenfauna von Australien J. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (14) : 138-194, pl. 8-9
Semper, 1886
Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen Reisen Philipp. (1): 1-46, pl. 1-8, A (1886), (2): 47-86, pl. 9-16 (1887), (3): 87-134, pl. 17-24 (1888), (4): 135-174, pl. 25-32 (1889), (5): 175-238, pl. 33-38, B (1890), (6): 239-270, pl. 39-46 (1891), (7): 271-380, pl. 47-49 [iv] (1892), : 381-728
[EBW]; Smart, 1976
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World: -
Sonan, 1931
Notes on some butterflies from Formosa. (2) Zephyrus 3 (3/4) : 194-206, pl. 15-17
Stoll, [1781]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (26b-28): 29-90, pl. 305-336 (1780), (29-31): 91-164, pl. 337-372 (1781), (32-32): 165-252, 1-29, pl. 373-400 (1782)
Stoneham, 1958
New forms of African Danaidae Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 1-3
Swinhoe, 1915
New Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16 (93) : 170-186
Talbot, 1943
Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae) Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1) : 115-148
Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island faunda Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 3-268, pl. 1-16
[BIR]; Wynter-Blyth, 1957
Butterflies of the Indian Region (1982 Reprint)

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