xmodmap - utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in X
xmodmap [-options ...] [filename]
The xmodmap program is used to edit and display the keyboard modifier
  map and keymap table that are used by client applications to
  convert event keycodes into keysyms. It is usually run from the user's session
  startup script to configure the keyboard according to personal tastes.
The following options may be used with xmodmap:
  - -display display
- This option specifies the host and display to use.
- -help
- This option indicates that a brief description of the command line
      arguments should be printed on the standard error channel. This will be
      done whenever an unhandled argument is given to xmodmap.
- -grammar
- This option indicates that a help message describing the expression
      grammar used in files and with -e expressions should be printed on the
      standard error.
- -version
- This option indicates that xmodmap should print its version
      information and exit.
- -verbose
- This option indicates that xmodmap should print logging information
      as it parses its input.
- -quiet
- This option turns off the verbose logging. This is the default.
- -n
- This option indicates that xmodmap should not change the mappings,
      but should display what it would do, like make(1) does when given
      this option.
- -e expression
- This option specifies an expression to be executed. Any number of
      expressions may be specified from the command line.
- -pm
- This option indicates that the current modifier map should be printed on
      the standard output. This is the default mode of operation if no other
      mode options are specified.
- -pk
- This option indicates that the current keymap table should be printed on
      the standard output.
- -pke
- This option indicates that the current keymap table should be printed on
      the standard output in the form of expressions that can be fed back to
      xmodmap.
- -pp
- This option indicates that the current pointer map should be printed on
      the standard output.
- -
- A lone dash means that the standard input should be used as the input
      file.
The filename specifies a file containing xmodmap
    expressions to be executed. This file is usually kept in the user's home
    directory with a name like .xmodmaprc.
The xmodmap program reads a list of expressions and parses them all
  before attempting to execute any of them. This makes it possible to refer to
  keysyms that are being redefined in a natural way without having to worry as
  much about name conflicts.
The list of keysym names may be found in the header file
    <X11/keysymdef.h> (without the XK_ prefix). Keysyms
    matching Unicode characters may be specified as "U0020" to
    "U007E" and "U00A0" to "U10FFFF" for all
    possible Unicode characters.
  - keycode NUMBER = KEYSYMNAME ...
- The list of keysyms is assigned to the indicated keycode (which may be
      specified in decimal, hex or octal and can be determined by running the
      xev program). Up to eight keysyms may be attached to a key, however
      the last four are not used in any major X server implementation. The first
      keysym is used when no modifier key is pressed in conjunction with this
      key, the second with Shift, the third when the Mode_switch key is used
      with this key and the fourth when both the Mode_switch and Shift keys are
      used.
- keycode any = KEYSYMNAME ...
- If no existing key has the specified list of keysyms assigned to it, a
      spare key on the keyboard is selected and the keysyms are assigned to it.
      The list of keysyms may be specified in decimal, hex or octal.
- keysym KEYSYMNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
- The KEYSYMNAME on the left hand side is translated into matching
      keycodes used to perform the corresponding set of keycode
      expressions. Note that if the same keysym is bound to multiple keys, the
      expression is executed for each matching keycode.
- clear MODIFIERNAME
- This removes all entries in the modifier map for the given modifier, where
      valid name are: Shift, Lock, Control, Mod1,
      Mod2, Mod3, Mod4, and Mod5 (case does not
      matter in modifier names, although it does matter for all other names).
      For example, ``clear Lock'' will remove all any keys that were bound to
      the shift lock modifier.
- add MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
- This adds all keys containing the given keysyms to the indicated modifier
      map. The keysym names are evaluated after all input expressions are read
      to make it easy to write expressions to swap keys (see the EXAMPLES
      section).
- remove MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
- This removes all keys containing the given keysyms from the indicated
      modifier map. Unlike add, the keysym names are evaluated as the
      line is read in. This allows you to remove keys from a modifier without
      having to worry about whether or not they have been reassigned.
- pointer = default
- This sets the pointer map back to its default settings (button 1 generates
      a code of 1, button 2 generates a 2, etc.).
- pointer = NUMBER ...
- This sets the pointer map to contain the indicated button codes. The list
      always starts with the first physical button. Setting a button code to 0
      disables events from that button.
Lines that begin with an exclamation point (!) are taken as
    comments.
If you want to change the binding of a modifier key, you must also
    remove it from the appropriate modifier map.
Many pointers are designed such that the first button is pressed using the index
  finger of the right hand. People who are left-handed frequently find that it
  is more comfortable to reverse the button codes that get generated so that the
  primary button is pressed using the index finger of the left hand. This could
  be done on a 3 button pointer as follows:
%  xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"
Many applications support the notion of Meta keys (similar to
    Control keys except that Meta is held down instead of Control). However,
    some servers do not have a Meta keysym in the default keymap table, so one
    needs to be added by hand. The following command will attach Meta to the
    Multi-language key (sometimes labeled Compose Character). It also takes
    advantage of the fact that applications that need a Meta key simply need to
    get the keycode and don't require the keysym to be in the first column of
    the keymap table. This means that applications that are looking for a
    Multi_key (including the default modifier map) won't notice any change.
%  xmodmap -e "keysym Multi_key = Multi_key Meta_L"
Similarly, some keyboards have an Alt key but no Meta key. In that
    case the following may be useful:
%  xmodmap -e "keysym Alt_L = Meta_L Alt_L"
One of the more simple, yet convenient, uses of xmodmap is
    to set the keyboard's "rubout" key to generate an alternate
    keysym. This frequently involves exchanging Backspace with Delete to be more
    comfortable to the user. If the ttyModes resource in xterm is
    set as well, all terminal emulator windows will use the same key for erasing
    characters:
%  xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"
%  echo "XTerm*ttyModes:  erase ^?" | xrdb -merge
Some keyboards do not automatically generate less than and greater
    than characters when the comma and period keys are shifted. This can be
    remedied with xmodmap by resetting the bindings for the comma and
    period with the following scripts:
!
! make shift-, be < and shift-. be >
!
keysym comma = comma less
keysym period = period greater
One of the more irritating differences between keyboards is the
    location of the Control and CapsLock keys. A common use of xmodmap is
    to swap these two keys as follows:
!
! Swap Caps_Lock and Control_L
!
remove Lock = Caps_Lock
remove Control = Control_L
keysym Control_L = Caps_Lock
keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L
add Lock = Caps_Lock
add Control = Control_L
This example can be run again to swap the keys back to their
    previous assignments.
The keycode command is useful for assigning the same keysym
    to multiple keycodes. Although unportable, it also makes it possible to
    write scripts that can reset the keyboard to a known state. The following
    script sets the backspace key to generate Delete (as shown above), flushes
    all existing caps lock bindings, makes the CapsLock key be a control key,
    make F5 generate Escape, and makes Break/Reset be a shift lock.
!
! On the HP, the following keycodes have key caps as listed:
!
!     101  Backspace
!      55  Caps
!      14  Ctrl
!      15  Break/Reset
!      86  Stop
!      89  F5
!
keycode 101 = Delete
keycode 55 = Control_R
clear Lock
add Control = Control_R
keycode 89 = Escape
keycode 15 = Caps_Lock
add Lock = Caps_Lock
  - DISPLAY
- to get default host and display number.
X(7), xev(1), setxkbmap(1), XStringToKeysym(3), Xlib documentation on key
  and pointer events
Every time a keycode expression is evaluated, the server generates a
  MappingNotify event on every client. This can cause some thrashing. All
  of the changes should be batched together and done at once. Clients that
  receive keyboard input and ignore MappingNotify events will not notice
  any changes made to keyboard mappings.Xmodmap should generate "add" and
    "remove" expressions automatically whenever a keycode that is
    already bound to a modifier is changed.
There should be a way to have the remove expression accept
    keycodes as well as keysyms for those times when you really mess up your
    mappings.
Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium, rewritten from an earlier version by David
  Rosenthal of Sun Microsystems.