:Ghana Geography Total area: 238,540 km2 Land area: 230,020 km2 Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon Land boundaries: 2,093 km; Burkina 548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km, Togo 877 km Coastline: 539 km Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm Continental shelf: 200 nm Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: none Climate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and woodland 37%; other 36%; includes irrigated NEGL% Environment: recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind (January to March) Note: Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake :Ghana People Population: 16,185,351 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Ghanaian(s); adjective - Ghanaian Ethnic divisions: black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2% Religions: indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% Languages: English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga Literacy: 60% (male 70%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 3,700,000; agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%; 48% of population of working age (1983) Organized labor: 467,000 (about 13% of labor force) :Ghana Government Long-form name: Republic of Ghana Type: military Capital: Accra Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western Independence: 6 March 1957 (from UK, formerly Gold Coast) Constitution: 24 September 1979; suspended 31 December 1981 Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March (1957) Executive branch: chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), PNDC, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly dissolved after 31 December 1981 coup, and legislative powers were assumed by the Provisional National Defense Council Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981) Political parties and leaders: none; political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup Suffrage: none Elections: no national elections; district assembly elections held in 1988-89 Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY; Chancery at 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 686-4520; there is a Ghanaian Consulate General in New York US: Ambassador Raymond C. EWING; Embassy at Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra (mailing address is P. O. Box 194, Accra); telephone [233] (21) 775348, 775349 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band :Ghana Economy Overview: Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a democratic government have been boosting government expenditures and undercutting structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in 1990. Much of the economic improvement in 1991 was caused by favorable weather (following a severe drought the previous year) that led to plentiful harvests in Ghana's agriculturally based economy. GDP: $6.2 billion; per capita $400; real growth rate 5% (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: 10% (1991) Budget: revenues $821 million; expenditures $782 million, including capital expenditures of $151 million (1990 est.) Exports: $843 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum partners: US 23%, UK, other EC Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment partners: US 10%, UK, FRG, France, Japan, South Korea, GDR External debt: $3.1 billion (1990 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 7.4% in manufacturing (1989); accounts for almost 1.5% of GDP Electricity: 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,140 million kWh produced, 265 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum, food processing Agriculture: accounts for more than 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 million Currency: cedi (plural - cedis); 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas Fiscal year: calendar year :Ghana Communications Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing major renovation Highways: 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, laterite, and improved earth surfaces Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways Pipelines: none Ports: Tema, Takoradi Merchant marine: 5 cargo and 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,435 GRT/69,167 DWT Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft Airports: 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave links; 42,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station :Ghana Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Civil Defense Manpower availability: males 15-49, 3,661,558; 2,049,842 fit for military service; 170,742 reach military age (18) annually Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GNP (1989 est.)