# NAME

CBOR::Free - Fast CBOR for everyone

# SYNOPSIS

    $cbor = CBOR::Free::encode( $scalar_or_ar_or_hr );

    $thing = CBOR::Free::decode( $cbor )

    my $tagged = CBOR::Free::tag( 1, '2019-01-02T00:01:02Z' );

# DESCRIPTION

This library implements [CBOR](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049)
via XS under a license that permits commercial usage with no “strings
attached”.

# STATUS

This distribution is an experimental effort. Its interface is still
subject to change. If you decide to use CBOR::Free in your project,
please always check the changelog before upgrading.

# FUNCTIONS

## $cbor = encode( $DATA, %OPTS )

Encodes a data structure or non-reference scalar to CBOR.
The encoder recognizes and encodes integers, floats, binary and UTF-8
strings, array and hash references, [CBOR::Free::Tagged](https://metacpan.org/pod/CBOR::Free::Tagged) instances,
[Types::Serialiser](https://metacpan.org/pod/Types::Serialiser) booleans, and undef (encoded as null).

The encoder currently does not handle any other blessed references.

%OPTS may be:

- `canonical` - A boolean that makes the function output
CBOR in [canonical form](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049#section-3.9).

Notes on mapping Perl to CBOR:

- The internal state of a defined Perl scalar (e.g., whether it’s an
integer, float, binary string, or UTF-8 string) determines its CBOR
encoding.
- [Types::Serialiser](https://metacpan.org/pod/Types::Serialiser) booleans are encoded as CBOR booleans.
Perl undef is encoded as CBOR null. (NB: No Perl value encodes as CBOR
undefined.)
- Instances of [CBOR::Free::Tagged](https://metacpan.org/pod/CBOR::Free::Tagged) are encoded as tagged values.

An error is thrown on excess recursion or an unrecognized object.

## $data = decode( $CBOR )

Decodes a data structure from CBOR. Errors are thrown to indicate
invalid CBOR. A warning is thrown if $CBOR is longer than is needed
for $data.

Notes on mapping CBOR to Perl:

- CBOR UTF-8 strings become Perl UTF-8 strings. CBOR binary strings
become Perl binary strings. (This may become configurable later.)

    Note that invalid UTF-8 in a CBOR UTF-8 string is considered
    invalid input and will thus prompt a thrown exception.

- The only map keys that `decode()` accepts are integers and strings.
An exception is thrown if the decoder finds anything else as a map key.
- CBOR booleans become the corresponding [Types::Serialiser](https://metacpan.org/pod/Types::Serialiser) values.
Both CBOR null and undefined become Perl undef.
- Tags are IGNORED for now. (This may become configurable later.)

## $obj = tag( $NUMBER, $DATA )

Tags an item for encoding so that its CBOR encoding will preserve the
tag number. (Include $obj, not $DATA, in the data structure that
`encode()` receives.)

# BOOLEANS

`CBOR::Free::true()`, `CBOR::Free::false()`,
`$CBOR::Free::true`, and `$CBOR::Free::false` are defined as
convenience aliases for the equivalent [Types::Serialiser](https://metacpan.org/pod/Types::Serialiser) values.

# FRACTIONAL (FLOATING-POINT) NUMBERS

Floating-point numbers are encoded in CBOR as IEEE 754 half-, single-,
or double-precision. If your Perl is compiled to use “long double”
floating-point numbers, you may see rounding errors when converting
to/from CBOR. If that’s a problem for you, append an empty string to
your floating-point numbers, which will cause CBOR::Free to encode
them as strings.

# INTEGER LIMITS

CBOR handles up to 64-bit positive and negative integers. Most Perls
nowadays can handle 64-bit integers, but if yours can’t then you’ll
get an exception whenever trying to parse an integer that can’t be
represented with 32 bits. This means:

- Anything greater than 0xffff\_ffff (4,294,967,295)
- Anything less than -0x8000\_0000 (2,147,483,648)

Note that even 64-bit Perls can’t parse negatives that are less than
\-0x8000\_0000\_0000\_0000 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808); these also prompt an
exception since Perl can’t handle them. (It would be possible to load
[Math::BigInt](https://metacpan.org/pod/Math::BigInt) to handle these; if that’s desirable for you,
file a feature request.)

# ERROR HANDLING

Most errors are represented via instances of subclasses of
[CBOR::Free::X](https://metacpan.org/pod/CBOR::Free::X), which subclasses [X::Tiny::Base](https://metacpan.org/pod/X::Tiny::Base).

# SPEED

CBOR::Free is pretty snappy. I find that it keeps pace with or
surpasses [CBOR::XS](https://metacpan.org/pod/CBOR::XS), [Cpanel::JSON::XS](https://metacpan.org/pod/Cpanel::JSON::XS), [JSON::XS](https://metacpan.org/pod/JSON::XS), [Sereal](https://metacpan.org/pod/Sereal),
and [Data::MessagePack](https://metacpan.org/pod/Data::MessagePack).

# AUTHOR

[Gasper Software Consulting](http://gaspersoftware.com) (FELIPE)

# LICENSE

This code is licensed under the same license as Perl itself.

# SEE ALSO

[CBOR::XS](https://metacpan.org/pod/CBOR::XS) is an older CBOR module on CPAN. It’s got more bells and
whistles, so check it out if CBOR::Free lacks a feature you’d like.
Note that [its maintainer has abandoned support for Perl versions from 5.22
onward](http://blog.schmorp.de/2015-06-06-stableperl-faq.html), though,
and its GPL license limits its usefulness in
commercial [perlcc](https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/B-C/script/perlcc.PL)
applications.
