=head1 NAME

PDL::Objects -- Object-Orientation, what is it and how to exploit it

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This still needs to be written properly.  [Also, is there a good reason
we don't recommend storing extra object data in the header hash?]

=head2 Inheritance

There are basically two reasons for subclassing ndarrays.
The first is simply that you want to be able to use your own routines
like

	$ndarray->something()

but don't want to mess up the PDL namespace (a worthy goal, indeed!).
The other is that you wish to provide special handling of some functions
or more information about the data the ndarray contains.
In the first case, you can do with

	package BAR;
	@ISA=qw/PDL/;
	sub foo {my($this) = @_; fiddle;}

	package main;
	$x = PDL::pdl(BAR,5);
	$x->foo();

However, because a PDL object is an opaque reference to a C struct,
it is not possible to
extend the PDL class by e.g. extra data via subclassing.
To circumvent this problem
PerlDL has built-in support to extent the PDL class via the I<has-a>
relation for blessed hashes.  You can get the I<HAS-A> behave like
I<IS-A> simply in that you assign the C<PDL> object to the attribute
named PDL and redefine the method initialize().

    package FOO;

    @FOO::ISA = qw(PDL);
    sub initialize {
        my $class = shift;
        my $self = {
                creation_time => time(),  # necessary extension :-)
                PDL => null,             # used to store PDL object
                };
        bless $self, $class;
    }

All PDL constructors will call initialize() to make sure that your
extensions are added by I<all> PDL constructors automatically.   The
C<PDL> attribute is used by perlDL to store the PDL object and
all PDL methods use this attribute automatically if they are called
with a blessed hash reference instead of a PDL object (a blessed scalar).

Do remember that if you subclass a class that is subclassed from an ndarray,
you need to call SUPER::initialize.


NEED STUFF ABOUT CODE REFs!!

=head2 Examples

You can find some simple examples of PDL subclassing in the PDL distribution
test-case files. Look in C<t/subclass2.t>, C<t/subclass3.t>, etc.

=head2 Output Auto-Creation and Subclassed Objects

For PDL Functions where the output is created and returned, PDL will either
call the subclassed object's C<initialize> or C<copy> method to create the
output object. (See L<PDL::Indexing|PDL::Indexing/"Output auto-creation and PP-function calling conventions"> 
for a discussion on Output Auto-Creation.) This behavior is summarized as follows:

=over 1

=item *

For I<Simple> functions, defined as having a signature of 

 func( a(), [o]b() )

PDL will call $a->copy to create the output object. 

In the spirit of the Perl philosophy of making I<Easy Things Easy>,
This behavior enables PDL-subclassed objects to be written without having to
overload the many simple PDL functions in this category.

The file t/subclass4.t in the PDL Distribution tests for this behavior.
See that file for an example. 

=item *

For other functions, PDL will call $class->initialize to create the output object.
Where $class is the class name of the first argument supplied to the function.

For these more complex cases, it is difficult to second-guess the subclassed object's 
designer to know if a C<copy> or a C<initialize> is appropriate. So for these cases,
$class->initialize is called by default. If this is not appropriate for you,
overload the function in your subclass and do whatever is appropriate is the overloaded
function's code.

=back


=head1 AUTHOR

Copyright (C) Karl Glazebrook (kgb@aaoepp.aao.gov.au), Tuomas J. Lukka,
(lukka@husc.harvard.edu) and Christian Soeller (c.soeller@auckland.ac.nz) 2000.
Commercial reproduction of this documentation in a different format is forbidden.

=cut

