=head1 NAME

PDL::ParallelCPU - Parallel Processor MultiThreading Support in PDL (Experimental)


=head1 DESCRIPTION

PDL has support (currently experimental) for splitting up numerical processing
between multiple parallel processor threads (or pthreads) using the I<set_autopthread_targ>
and I<set_autopthread_size> functions.
This can improve processing performance (by greater than 2-4X in most cases)
by taking advantage of multi-core and/or multi-processor machines.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use PDL;
  
  # Set target of 4 parallel pthreads to create, with a lower limit of
  #  5Meg elements for splitting processing into parallel pthreads.
  set_autopthread_targ(4);
  set_autopthread_size(5);

  $x = zeroes(5000,5000); # Create 25Meg element array

  $y = $x + 5; # Processing will be split up into multiple pthreads

  # Get the actual number of pthreads for the last
  #  processing operation.
  $actualPthreads = get_autopthread_actual();

  # Or compare these to see CPU usage (first one only 1 pthread, second one 10)
  # in the PDL shell:
  $x = ones(10,1000,10000); set_autopthread_targ(1); $y = sin($x)*cos($x); p get_autopthread_actual;
  $x = ones(10,1000,10000); set_autopthread_targ(10); $y = sin($x)*cos($x); p get_autopthread_actual;

=head1 Terminology

The use of the term I<threading> can be confusing with PDL, because it can refer to I<PDL threading>,
as defined in the L<PDL::Threading> docs, or to I<processor multi-threading>. 

To reduce confusion with the existing PDL threading terminology, this document uses 
B<pthreading> to refer to I<processor multi-threading>, which is the use of multiple processor threads
to split up numerical processing into parallel operations.

=head1 Functions that control PDL PThreads

This is a brief listing and description of the PDL pthreading functions, see the L<PDL::Core> docs
for detailed information.

=over 5

=item set_autopthread_targ

Set the target number of processor-threads (pthreads) for multi-threaded processing. Setting auto_pthread_targ
to 0 means that no pthreading will occur.

See L<PDL::Core|set_autopthread_targ> for details.

=item set_autopthread_size

Set the minimum size (in Meg-elements or 2**20 elements) of the largest PDL involved in a function where auto-pthreading will
be performed. For small PDLs, it probably isn't worth starting multiple pthreads, so this function
is used to define a minimum threshold where auto-pthreading won't be attempted.

See L<PDL::Core|set_autopthread_size> for details.

=item get_autopthread_actual

Get the actual number of pthreads executed for the last pdl processing function.

See L<PDL::get_autopthread_actual> for details.

=back

=head1 Global Control of PDL PThreading using Environment Variables

PDL PThreading can be globally turned on, without modifying existing code by setting 
environment variables B<PDL_AUTOPTHREAD_TARG> and B<PDL_AUTOPTHREAD_SIZE> before running a PDL script.
These environment variables are checked when PDL starts up and calls to I<set_autopthread_targ> and
I<set_autopthread_size> functions made with the environment variable's values.

For example, if the environment var B<PDL_AUTOPTHREAD_TARG> is set to 3, and B<PDL_AUTOPTHREAD_SIZE> is
set to 10, then any pdl script will run as if the following lines were at the top of the file:

 set_autopthread_targ(3);
 set_autopthread_size(10);

=head1 How It Works

The auto-pthreading process works by analyzing threaded array dimensions in PDL operations
and splitting up processing based on the thread dimension sizes and desired number of 
pthreads (i.e. the pthread target or pthread_targ). The offsets and increments that PDL uses to step
thru the data in memory are modified for each pthread so each one sees a different set of data when
performing processing.

B<Example>

 $x = sequence(20,4,3); # Small 3-D Array, size 20,4,3
 
 # Setup auto-pthreading:
 set_autopthread_targ(2); # Target of 2 pthreads
 set_autopthread_size(0); # Zero so that the small PDLs in this example will be pthreaded

 # This will be split up into 2 pthreads
 $c = maximum($x);

For the above example, the I<maximum> function has a signature of C<(a(n); [o]c())>, which means that the first
dimension of $x (size 20) is a I<Core> dimension of the I<maximum> function. The other dimensions of $x (size 4,3)
are I<threaded> dimensions (i.e. will be threaded-over in the I<maximum> function.

The auto-pthreading algorithm examines the threaded dims of size (4,3) and picks the 4 dimension, 
since it is evenly divisible by the autopthread_targ of 2. The processing of the maximum function is then 
split into two pthreads on the size-4 dimension, with dim indexes 0,2 processed by one pthread
 and dim indexes 1,3 processed by the other pthread.


=head1 Limitations

=head2 Must have POSIX Threads Enabled

Auto-PThreading only works if your PDL installation was compiled with POSIX threads enabled. This is normally
the case if you are running on linux, or other unix variants.

=head2 Non-Threadsafe Code

Not all the libraries that PDL intefaces to are thread-safe, i.e. they aren't written to operate
in a multi-threaded environment without crashing or causing side-effects. Some examples in the PDL
core is the I<fft> function and the I<pnmout> functions. 

To operate properly with these types of functions, the PPCode flag B<NoPthread> has been introduced to indicate
a function as I<not> being pthread-safe. See L<PDL::PP> docs for details.

=head2 Size of PDL Dimensions and PThread Target

Due to the way a PDL is split-up for operation using multiple pthreads, the size of a dimension
must be evenly divisible by the pthread target. For example, if a PDL has threaded dimension sizes
of (4,3,3) and the I<auto_pthread_targ> has been set to 2, then the first threaded dimension (size 4) will
be picked to be split up into two pthreads of size 2 and 2. However, if the threaded dimension sizes are
(3,3,3) and the I<auto_pthread_targ> is still 2, then pthreading won't occur, because no threaded dimensions
are divisible by 2.

The algorithm that picks the actual number of pthreads has some smarts (but could probably be improved) 
to adjust down from the I<auto_pthread_targ> to get a number of pthreads that can evenly divide one of the
threaded dimensions. For example, if a PDL has threaded dimension sizes of (9,2,2) and the
I<auto_pthread_targ> is 4, the algorithm will see that no dimension is divisible by 4, then adjust
down the target to 3, resulting in splitting up the first threaded dimension (size 9) into 3 pthreads.

=head2 Speed improvement might be less than you expect.

If you have a 8 core machine and call I<auto_pthread_targ> with 8 to generate 8 parallel pthreads, you
probably won't get a 8X improvement in speed, due to memory bandwidth issues. Even though you have 8 separate
CPUs crunching away on data, you will have (for most common machine architectures) common RAM that now becomes
your bottleneck. For simple calculations (e.g simple additions) you can run into a performance limit at about
 4 pthreads. For more complex calculations the limit will be higher.

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2011 John Cerney. You can distribute and/or
modify this document under the same terms as the current Perl license.

See: http://dev.perl.org/licenses/
