Internet-Draft BGP LS for BGP-only Fabric July 2026
Talaulikar, et al. Expires 20 January 2027 [Page]
Workgroup:
Inter-Domain Routing
Internet-Draft:
draft-ietf-idr-bgp-ls-bgp-only-fabric-06
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
K. Talaulikar
Cisco Systems
A. B. MahendraBabu, Ed.
Cisco Systems
C. Filsfils
Cisco Systems
K. Swamy
Cisco Systems
S. Zandi
LinkedIn
G. Dawra
LinkedIn
M. Durrani
Equinix

BGP Link-State Extensions for BGP-only Networks

Abstract

BGP is used as the only routing protocol in some networks today. In such networks, it is useful to get a detailed topology view similar to one available when using link state routing protocols. This document defines extensions to the BGP Link-state (BGP-LS) address-family and the procedures for advertisement of topology information in a BGP-only network.

Discussion Venues

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

Discussion of this document takes place on the Inter-Domain Routing Working Group mailing list (idr@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/idr/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/AravindBabuM/bgp-ls-bgp-only.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 20 January 2027.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Network operators are adopting BGP as the sole routing protocol for certain networks like Massively Scaled Data Centers (MSDCs). [RFC7938] describes the requirement, design and operational aspects for use of BGP as the only routing protocol in MSDCs. The underlying link and topology information between BGP routers is abstracted in this design for improving scalability and stability in a large scale network. As a result, a detailed topology view consisting of nodes, links and prefixes that is available when operating link-state routing protocols is not available in these BGP-only networks.

BGP Link-State (BGP-LS) [RFC9552] enables advertisement of a link state topology from link-state IGP protocols via BGP that can be consumed by a controller or in general any software component to get a complete topology view of the network. BGP-LS extensions for advertisement of certain aspects of a BGP topology for the Egress Peer Engineering (EPE) use-case [RFC9087] are specified in [RFC9086]. This document leverages the BGP-LS extensions that were defined for EPE and other BGP-LS features. The document specifies the procedures for advertising the underlying topology in a BGP-only network.

1.1. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2. BGP Routing in the Fabric

The applicability of this specification is limited to those deployments where BGP is used as hop-by-hop routing protocol between directly connected nodes in the fabric. While a data-center design [RFC7938] is used as a reference, the topology advertisement and its use for computation may also apply to other networks with BGP-only fabric or to BGP-only portions of a larger network topology.

BGP hop-by-hop routing can be set up using EBGP single-hop sessions over individual links between directly connected routers using their link addresses for peering as described in [RFC7938]. In such a design, the neighbors' link addresses may be provisioned for peering and the EBGP session operating directly over the link performs the monitoring of the neighbor on that link. A variation of this design would be that the EBGP session is set up between directly connected routers using their loopback IP addresses. The mechanisms for discovery of the neighbor's link addresses and their monitoring on a per link basis are outside the scope of this document.

Though this document uses the EBGP based design as a reference, it does not preclude other alternate designs using IBGP.

This document does not change base BGP routing protocol operations in the BGP-only network fabric that provides routing using the BGP best path selection process [RFC4271].

3. Topology Collection Mechanism

To provide a topological view in networks where BGP is the only routing protocol, each BGP router advertises information about its local node, links, and prefixes. Figure 1 describes a typical deployment scenario. Every BGP router in the network is enabled for BGP-LS and forms BGP-LS sessions with one or more centralized BGP-LS speakers over which it sends its local topology information.

Each BGP router may also receive the topology information from all other BGP routers via these centralized BGP-LS speakers. This way, any BGP router (as also the centralized BGP-LS speakers) may obtain aggregated Link-State information for the BGP network. An external component (e.g. a controller) can obtain this information from the centralized BGP-LS speakers or directly by doing BGP-LS peering to the BGP routers. An internal software component on any of the BGP routers (e.g. TE module) can also receive the entire BGP network topology information from its local BGP process.

               +------------+
               | Controller |
               +------------+
                     ^
                     |
                     v
            +-------------------+
            |  BGP-LS Speaker   |       +------------+
            |  (Centralized)    |       | Controller |
            +-------------------+       +------------+
                  ^   ^   ^                   ^
                  |   |   |                   |
      +-----------+   |   +---------------+   |
      |               |                   |   |
      v               v                   v   v
 +-----------+    +-----------+         +-----------+    +----------+
 |    BGP    |    |    BGP    |         |    BGP    |<-->| Local    |
 |  Router   |    |  Router   |  . . .  |  Router   |    | Consumer |
 +-----------+    +-----------+         +-----------+    +----------+
      ^                ^                    ^
      |                |                    |
  Local Info       Local Info            Local Info
 (node & links)  (node & links)         (node & links)
Figure 1: Link State Information Collection in a BGP Network

3.1. Peering Models

The peering model described above relies on the base BGP IPv4 or IPv6 routing underlay (e.g. as described in [RFC7938]) or any other mechanism for reachability for the BGP-LS session establishment with the centralized BGP speakers. A variation of this model would be to set up reachability to the centralized BGP speakers (or controller) over the out of band management network and for each BGP router in the fabric to use this management network for the BGP-LS session establishment with the centralized BGP speakers. This variation removes the dependency between the topology learning via BGP-LS from the reachability over the BGP routing in the fabric.

Another alternate design would be to enable the BGP-LS address-family as well on the hop-by-hop EBGP sessions in the underlay described in [RFC7938]. This approach results in the topology information being flooded via BGP-LS hop-by-hop along the BGP routers in the network. Other peering designs for BGP-LS sessions may also be possible and they are not precluded by this document.

4. Advertising BGP-only Network Topology

BGP-LS [RFC9552] defines the BGP-LS NLRI types (i.e. Node NLRI, Link NLRI and Prefix NLRI) along with their corresponding BGP-LS Attribute (i.e. Node Attribute, Link Attribute or Prefix Attribute) and the TLVs that map to the respective NLRI and Attribute for each type.

[RFC9086] specifies the BGP Protocol-ID value 7 to be used for signaling BGP EPE information. The same Protocol-ID value (7) is used for advertising topology information in a BGP-only network as specified in this document. The 64-bit Identifier field in the BGP-LS NLRI SHOULD be set to 0, consistent with the procedures defined in [RFC9086].

[RFC9514] defines the BGP-LS NLRI that can be used to advertise Segment Routing for IPv6 (SRv6) Segment Identifier (SID) information instantiated on a BGP Router.

[RFC9857] defines the BGP-LS NLRIs that can be used to advertise information about Segment Routing (SR) Policies instantiated on a BGP Router headend.

The following sub-sections specify the use of these encodings by a router running BGP protocol.

4.1. Node Advertisements

[RFC9552] defines Node NLRI Type and the Node Descriptor TLVs as follows:

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |  Protocol-ID  |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                           Identifier                          |
 |                            (64 bits)                          |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 //                Local Node Descriptors (variable)            //
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

[RFC9086] introduces additional Node Descriptor TLVs for BGP protocol that are required to be used.

The following Node Descriptors TLVs MUST appear in the Node NLRI as Local Node Descriptors:

  • Autonomous System Number (TLV 512), which contains the advertising router ASN.

  • BGP Router-ID (TLV 516), which contains the BGP Identifier of the originating BGP router.

The BGP-LS Attribute associated with the Node NLRI SHOULD include the Node Name TLV and MAY include the TE Router-ID TLVs (to indicate a unique reachable IP address for that node) to signal the router properties (Section 5.1 defines the procedures for their advertisements):

Table 1: Node Attribute TLVs
TLV Code Point Description Reference Document
1026 Node Name [RFC9552]
1028 IPv4 TE Router-ID [RFC9552]
1029 IPv6 TE Router-ID [RFC9552]

The above list of TLVs is not exhaustive and other BGP-LS TLVs related to the advertisement of the node properties MAY be included depending on the desired use case.

4.3. Prefix Advertisements

[RFC9552] defines Prefix NLRI Type and its Node and Prefix Descriptor TLVs as follows:

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |  Protocol-ID  |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                           Identifier                          |
 |                            (64 bits)                          |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 //              Local Node Descriptors (variable)              //
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 //                Prefix Descriptors (variable)                //
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The following Node Descriptors TLVs MUST appear in the Prefix NLRI as Local Node Descriptors:

  • Autonomous System Number (TLV 512), which contains the advertising router ASN.

  • BGP Router-ID (TLV 516), which contains the BGP Identifier of the originating BGP router.

The Prefix Descriptor MUST contain the IP Reachability Information TLV (TLV 265) to identify the prefix.

This document defines a new BGP Route Type TLV that MUST be included in the Prefix Descriptor when the BGP node advertises the Prefix NLRI. The format of this TLV is as follows:

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |              Type             |             Length            |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |  Route Type   |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Where:

Type:

2-octet field with value TBD.

Length:

2-octet field with value set to 1.

Route Type:

1-octet with the following values defined:

Table 3: BGP Route Types
Value Type Description
1 Local Local interface prefix e.g. Loopback
2 Attached Directly attached node's prefix e.g. host
3 External BGP Prefix learnt via EBGP
4 Internal BGP Prefix learnt via IBGP
5 Redistributed Prefix redistributed into BGP

The BGP-LS Attribute associated with the Prefix NLRI SHOULD include the Prefix Metric TLV to signal the prefix properties and capabilities (Section 5.3 defines the procedures for their advertisements):

Table 4: Prefix Attribute TLVs
TLV Code Point Description Reference Document
1155 Prefix Metric [RFC9552]

The above list of TLVs is not exhaustive and other BGP-LS TLVs related to the advertisement of the prefix properties MAY be included depending on the desired use case.

4.4. SR Policy and SRv6 SID Advertisements

In deployments where Segment Routing (SR) [RFC8402] is deployed in the BGP network and the use case requires information about SR Policies [RFC9256] or SRv6 SIDs instantiated on the routers, the following BGP-LS extensions MAY also be advertised.

[RFC9514] defines the BGP-LS NLRI that can be used to advertise Segment Routing for IPv6 (SRv6) Segment Identifier (SID) information instantiated on a BGP Router. The Local Node Descriptors TLVs are the same as specified in Section 4.1 and the rest of the procedures are the same as specified in [RFC9514].

[RFC9857] defines the BGP-LS NLRIs that can be used to advertise information about SR Policies instantiated on a BGP Router headend. The Headend Node Descriptors TLVs are the same as specified in Section 4.1 and the rest of the procedures are the same as specified in [RFC9857].

5. Procedures

In a network where BGP is the only routing protocol, the BGP-LS session is used to advertise the necessary information about the local node properties, its local links' properties and where necessary the prefixes owned by the node. SR Policies, that are instantiated on the local node (i.e. when it is the head-end for the policy), along with their properties may also be advertised via the BGP-LS session. This information, once collected across all BGP routers in the network, provides a complete topology view of the network. Many of these attributes are not part of the base BGP protocol operations and are either configured or provided by other components on the router. This information needs to be collected from within the node and advertised out via BGP-LS.

The following sections describe the procedures for the propagation of the BGP-LS NLRIs on a BGP router into the BGP-LS session. These procedures for propagation of BGP topology information via BGP-LS SHOULD be applied only in deployments and use-cases where necessary and SHOULD NOT be applied in every BGP deployment when BGP-LS is enabled. Implementations MAY provide a configuration option to enable these procedures in required deployments.

5.1. Advertisement of Router's Node Attributes

Advertisement of the Node NLRI via BGP-LS by each BGP router in a BGP-only network enables the discovery of all the router nodes in the topology. The Node NLRI MUST be generated by a BGP router only for itself and even when there are no attributes to be advertised along with it.

The Node Name Attribute SHOULD be advertised when available.

The TE Router-ID, normally provisioned with a unique address associated with a loopback interface on the router, SHOULD be advertised to enable TE use-cases for both IPv4 and IPv6. The BGP Router-ID along with the ASN also provides the capability for uniquely identifying a BGP router in the network.

Other Node Attributes applicable to a BGP Router may also be included and this document does not describe the exhaustive list.

5.3. Advertisement of Router's Prefix Attributes

Advertisement of the Prefix NLRI via BGP-LS may be required only in specific use-cases. Since the base BGP protocol along with its extensions already signals Prefix reachability via different NLRIs, there is no necessity to duplicate the information via BGP-LS session.

Advertisement of the Prefix NLRI via BGP-LS MUST be done for its locally configured prefixes (e.g. its loopback interface address). The advertisement of the Prefix NLRI via BGP-LS for other prefixes learnt by the router MAY be done based on the specific use-case requirement and the BGP Route Type as described in Table 3 indicates the type of route being advertised.

Other Prefix Attributes applicable may also be included and this document does not describe the exhaustive list.

6. Usage of BGP Topology

This section describes the key use cases for the BGP topology information collected as specified in this document: topology visibility for network monitoring, IP Fast Reroute (IPFRR) and protection, and Segment Routing Traffic Engineering (SR-TE) in BGP-only networks. The specific algorithms and mechanisms for each use case are outside the scope of this document.

6.1. Topology View for Monitoring

The BGP-LS advertisement of the BGP topology as specified in this document provides a live topology view of the BGP network for an application or controller that is monitoring the network. The topology view is from the BGP protocol perspective and includes the underlying links as well that aids in network monitoring as well as diagnostics use-cases. BGP-LS is the de-facto protocol for northbound propagation of network topology related information for most IGP networks and extending this capability for BGP-only networks allows existing controllers and applications to consume the information with some incremental BGP protocol awareness.

6.2. IP Fast Reroute and Protection in BGP-only Networks

AI and Machine Learning (AI/ML) data center fabrics commonly employ BGP-only multi-tier Clos topologies in which training workloads are highly synchronized, bandwidth-saturating, and extremely sensitive to packet loss. These characteristics impose stringent convergence time requirements. The requirements and their implications for IP Fast Reroute (IPFRR) in such fabrics are described in [I-D.clad-rtgwg-ipfrr-aiml].

Traditional IPFRR [RFC5714] deployments rely upon a link-state IGP to supply the complete topology database from which repair paths are computed. BGP-only networks lack an equivalent topology database. The BGP-LS topology collection specified in this document addresses this limitation by providing complete topology visibility, enabling IPFRR computations using LFA and TI-LFA techniques. The problem statement and solution framework for IPFRR in BGP-only networks using BGP-LS as the topology source are defined in [I-D.abdelsalam-rtgwg-ipfrr-bgp-only-network].

For scenarios where ECMP and TI-LFA protection are insufficient -- particularly on downward paths in Clos topologies where hairpin reroutes would consume bandwidth on already-loaded uplinks -- Efficient Remote Protection (ERP) [I-D.clad-rtgwg-efficient-remote-protection] provides a pre-computed, hairpin-free backup path mechanism. The Node and Link NLRIs collected via BGP-LS provide the topology input required to compute such protection paths at any node within the BGP-only fabric.

6.3. SR-TE in BGP Networks

SR Traffic Engineering (SR-TE) for BGP provides underlay paths through the network for overlay routes and services with specific requirements such as multi-plane redundancy in Clos topologies where independent parallel fabric planes provide path diversity and fault isolation.

[RFC9256] specifies the SR Policy architecture. [RFC9830] and [RFC9831] describe the extensions to BGP for signaling of SR Policies from a controller to the SR-TE headend BGP router. [RFC9857] enables the advertisement of SR Policy state from the headend to controllers via BGP-LS. This document completes the picture by providing the BGP topology information from all the routers to a controller as well as the local SR-TE process on each router for path computation.

The topology collected via BGP-LS in a BGP-only fabric provides the node, link, and prefix properties along with SR SIDs that enable a computation entity to build SR Policies for traffic engineering objectives. The topology may be advertised to a centralized controller for use-cases requiring centralized computation, or distributed to any node in the BGP fabric for use by its local SR-TE process.

Two deployment scenarios that leverage SRv6 TE in BGP-only data center fabrics are described below.

[I-D.filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-e2e-dc-frontend-wan] describes an SRv6 end-to-end architecture that unifies the data center frontend and WAN under a single SRv6 domain, eliminating the need for protocol translation at DCI gateways. In this deployment, SR Policies are used to steer traffic end-to-end across the DC and WAN and to enable stateless service insertion (e.g., directing traffic through firewall services via SRv6 SIDs). The BGP-LS topology collection specified in this document provides the node and link information within the BGP-only DC fabric that is required by a controller or local SR-TE process to compute such SR Policies.

[I-D.filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-ai-backend] describes the use of SRv6 to enable deterministic path placement for GPU-to-GPU traffic in AI/ML backend fabrics. In this deployment, an AI scheduler computes optimal paths through the Clos fabric to achieve homogeneous link utilization and avoid congestion for large, predictable training flows. The paths are encoded as SRv6 network programs at the source NIC without requiring per-flow state on intermediate fabric nodes. The BGP-LS topology collection specified in this document provides the fabric-wide node and link information that is required by the AI scheduler or controller to compute these deterministic paths.

The actual SR-TE path computation and algorithms are outside the scope of this document.

7. IANA Considerations

This document requests IANA to allocate code points from the "BGP-LS NLRI and Attribute TLVs" sub-registry of the "Border Gateway Protocol - Link-State (BGP-LS) Parameters" registry group.

This document requests the allocation following TLV codepoints:

Table 5
TLV Code Point Description Reference
TBD BGP Route Type this document

8. Security Considerations

Procedures and protocol extensions defined in this document do not affect the BGP security model. See the 'Security Considerations' section of [RFC4271] for a discussion of BGP security. Also refer to [RFC4272] and [RFC6952] for analysis of security issues for BGP.

[RFC9552] defines BGP-LS NLRI to which the extensions defined in this document apply. Section 10 of [RFC9552] also applies to these extensions. The procedures defined in this document, by themselves, do not affect the BGP-LS security model discussed in [RFC9552].

The BGP-LS extensions specified in this document enable topology visibility and traffic engineering use-cases within a BGP-only fabric as described in this document. BGP-LS operates within a trusted domain and its security considerations apply to BGP sessions when carrying topology information. The topology information distributed by BGP-LS is expected to be used entirely within this trusted domain which comprises a single AS or multiple ASes/domains within a single provider network. Therefore, precaution is necessary to ensure that the topology information advertised via BGP-LS sessions is limited to nodes in a secure manner within this trusted domain.

Additionally, it should be considered that the export of detailed topology information, as described in this document, constitutes a risk to confidentiality of mission-critical or commercially sensitive information about the network. BGP-LS peerings are not automatic and require configuration; thus, it is the responsibility of the network operator to ensure that only trusted nodes (that include both routers and controller applications) within the trusted domain are configured to receive such information.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC4271]
Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4271>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC9085]
Previdi, S., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Filsfils, C., Gredler, H., and M. Chen, "Border Gateway Protocol - Link State (BGP-LS) Extensions for Segment Routing", RFC 9085, DOI 10.17487/RFC9085, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9085>.
[RFC9086]
Previdi, S., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Filsfils, C., Patel, K., Ray, S., and J. Dong, "Border Gateway Protocol - Link State (BGP-LS) Extensions for Segment Routing BGP Egress Peer Engineering", RFC 9086, DOI 10.17487/RFC9086, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9086>.
[RFC9514]
Dawra, G., Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Chen, M., Bernier, D., and B. Decraene, "Border Gateway Protocol - Link State (BGP-LS) Extensions for Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6)", RFC 9514, DOI 10.17487/RFC9514, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9514>.
[RFC9552]
Talaulikar, K., Ed., "Distribution of Link-State and Traffic Engineering Information Using BGP", RFC 9552, DOI 10.17487/RFC9552, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9552>.
[RFC9857]
Previdi, S., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Dong, J., Gredler, H., and J. Tantsura, "Advertisement of Segment Routing Policies Using BGP - Link State", RFC 9857, DOI 10.17487/RFC9857, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9857>.

9.2. Informative References

[I-D.abdelsalam-rtgwg-ipfrr-bgp-only-network]
Abdelsalam, A., Filsfils, C., Ruan, E., and D. Cai, "IP Fast Reroute for BGP-Only Networks", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-abdelsalam-rtgwg-ipfrr-bgp-only-network-00, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-abdelsalam-rtgwg-ipfrr-bgp-only-network-00>.
[I-D.clad-rtgwg-efficient-remote-protection]
Clad, F., Filsfils, C., Su, Y., and D. Cai, "Efficient Remote Protection", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-clad-rtgwg-efficient-remote-protection-00, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-clad-rtgwg-efficient-remote-protection-00>.
[I-D.clad-rtgwg-ipfrr-aiml]
Clad, F., Filsfils, C., Jiang, R., and D. Cai, "IP Fast Reroute for AI/ML Fabrics", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-clad-rtgwg-ipfrr-aiml-00, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-clad-rtgwg-ipfrr-aiml-00>.
[I-D.filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-ai-backend]
Filsfils, C., Camarillo, P., Lu, G., Brar, J., Becker, D., Jouhari, A., Pillai, K., Abdelsalam, A., Tantsura, J., and K. Patel, "SRv6 for Deterministic Path Placement in AI Backends", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-ai-backend-04, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-ai-backend-04>.
[I-D.filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-e2e-dc-frontend-wan]
Filsfils, C., Camarillo, P., Michielsen, K., Gorovoy, A., and N. Leymann, "SRv6 End-to-End DC Frontend and WAN", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-e2e-dc-frontend-wan-02, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-filsfils-srv6ops-srv6-e2e-dc-frontend-wan-02>.
[RFC4272]
Murphy, S., "BGP Security Vulnerabilities Analysis", RFC 4272, DOI 10.17487/RFC4272, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4272>.
[RFC5714]
Shand, M. and S. Bryant, "IP Fast Reroute Framework", RFC 5714, DOI 10.17487/RFC5714, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5714>.
[RFC6952]
Jethanandani, M., Patel, K., and L. Zheng, "Analysis of BGP, LDP, PCEP, and MSDP Issues According to the Keying and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Design Guide", RFC 6952, DOI 10.17487/RFC6952, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6952>.
[RFC7938]
Lapukhov, P., Premji, A., and J. Mitchell, Ed., "Use of BGP for Routing in Large-Scale Data Centers", RFC 7938, DOI 10.17487/RFC7938, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7938>.
[RFC8402]
Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8402>.
[RFC9087]
Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Dawra, G., Ed., Aries, E., and D. Afanasiev, "Segment Routing Centralized BGP Egress Peer Engineering", RFC 9087, DOI 10.17487/RFC9087, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9087>.
[RFC9256]
Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Voyer, D., Bogdanov, A., and P. Mattes, "Segment Routing Policy Architecture", RFC 9256, DOI 10.17487/RFC9256, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9256>.
[RFC9830]
Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Mattes, P., and D. Jain, "Advertising Segment Routing Policies in BGP", RFC 9830, DOI 10.17487/RFC9830, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9830>.
[RFC9831]
Talaulikar, K., Ed., Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Mattes, P., and D. Jain, "Segment Type Extensions for BGP Segment Routing (SR) Policy", RFC 9831, DOI 10.17487/RFC9831, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9831>.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Bruno Decraene for his review and comments on this document.

Authors' Addresses

Ketan Talaulikar
Cisco Systems
India
Aravind Babu MahendraBabu (editor)
Cisco Systems
India
Clarence Filsfils
Cisco Systems
Brussels
Belgium
Krishna Swamy
Cisco Systems
San Jose,
United States of America
Shawn Zandi
LinkedIn
United States of America
Gaurav Dawra
LinkedIn
United States of America
Muhammad Durrani
Equinix
United States of America