The ti(stack) class implements a i(stack data structure).  Before using
tt(stack) containers the header file tthi(stack) must be included.

    A stack is also called a i(first in, last out) (i(FILO) or i(LIFO)) data
structure as the first item to enter the stack is the last item to leave.  A
stack is an extremely useful data structure in situations where data must
temporarily remain available. For example, programs maintain a stack to store
local variables of functions: the lifetime of these variables is determined by
the time these functions are active, contrary to global (or static local)
variables, which live for as long as the program itself lives. Another example
is found in calculators using the
 emi(Reverse Polish Notation) (i(RPN)), in which the operands of operators are
kept  in a stack, whereas operators pop their operands off the stack and
push the results of their work back onto the stack.

As an example of the use of a stack, consider figure ref(StackFig), in which
the content of the stack is shown while the expression tt((3 + 4) * 2) is
evaluated. In the RPN this expression becomes tt(3 4 + 2 *), and figure
ref(StackFig) shows the stack content after each emi(token) (i.e., the
operands and the operators) is read from the input. Notice that each operand
is indeed pushed on the stack, while each operator changes the content of the
stack.
    figure(containers/stack/stack)
    (The content of a stack while evaluating tt(3 4 + 2 *))
    (StackFig)
    The expression is evaluated in five steps. The caret between the tokens
in the expressions shown on the first line of figure ref(StackFig) shows what
token has just been read. The next line shows the actual stack-content, and
the final line shows the steps for referential purposes. Note that at step 2,
two numbers have been pushed on the stack. The first number (tt(3)) is now at
the bottom of the stack. Next, in step 3, the tt(+) operator is read. The
operator pops two operands (so that the stack is empty at that moment),
calculates their sum, and pushes the resulting value (tt(7)) on the
stack. Then, in step 4, the number tt(2) is read, which is dutifully pushed on
the stack again. Finally, in step 5 the final operator tt(*) is read, which
pops the values tt(2) and tt(7) from the stack, computes their product, and
pushes the result back on the stack. This result (tt(14)) could then be popped
to be displayed on some medium.

From figure ref(StackFig) we see that a stack has one location (the emi(top))
where items can be pushed onto and popped off the stack. This top element is
the stack's only immediately visible element. It may be accessed and modified
directly.

Bearing this model of the stack in mind, let's see what we formally can do
with the tt(stack) container. For the tt(stack), the following constructors,
operators, and member functions are available:
    itemization(
    it() hi(stack constructors) Constructors:
        itemization(
        it() The copy and move constructors are available;
        it() A tt(stack) may be constructed empty:
    verb(stack<string> object;))

    it() Only the basic set of container operators are supported by the
tt(stack)
    it() The following member functions are available for stacks:
        itemization(
        ithtq(emplace)(value_type &emplace(Args &&...args))
           (a tt(value_type) object is constructed from the member's
            arguments, and the newly created element is pushed on the stack.
            The return value is a reference to (or copy of) the newly pushed
            value.) 
        ithtq(empty)(bool empty())(this
member returns tt(true) if the stack contains no elements.)
        ithtq(pop)(void pop())(removes the element at the top of the
stack. Note that the popped element is em(not) returned by this member.
Refer to section ref(QUEUE) for a discussion about the reason why tt(pop) has
return type tt(void) and why tt(pop) should not be called on an empty
tt(stack).)
        ithtq(push)(void push(value))(places
tt(value) at the top of the stack, hiding the other elements from view.)
        ithtq(size)(size_t size())(this
member returns the number of elements in the stack.)
        ithtq(top)(Type &top())(this member
returns a reference to the stack's top (and only visible) element. It is the
    i(responsibility of the programmer) to use this member only if the stack
is not empty.)
        )
    )

    The stack does not support iterators or an index
operator. The only elements that can be accessed is its top element.
  To empty a stack:
    itemization(
    it() repeatedly remove its front element;
    it() assign an empty stack to it;
    it() have its destructor called (e.g., by ending its lifetime).
    )

