When private or protected derivation is used, users of derived class objects
are denied access to the base class members. Private derivation denies access
to all base class members to users of the derived class, protected derivation
does the same, but allows classes that are in turn derived from the derived
class to access the base class's public and protected members.

In some situations this scheme is too
    hi(private derivation: too restrictive)
    hi(protected derivation: too restrictive)
        restrictive. Consider a class tt(RandStream) derived privately from a
class tt(RandBuf) which is itself derived from tt(std::streambuf) and also
publicly from tt(istream):
        verb(    class RandBuf: public std::streambuf
    {
        // implements a buffer for random numbers
    };
    class RandStream: private RandBuf, public std::istream
    {
        // implements a stream to extract random values from
    };)

Such a class could be used to extract, e.g., random numbers using the
standard tt(istream) interface.

    Although the tt(RandStream) class is constructed with the
functionality of tt(istream) objects in mind, some of the members of the class
tt(std::streambuf) may be considered useful by themselves. E.g., the function
tt(streambuf::in_avail) returns a lower bound to the number of characters
that can be read immediately. The standard way to make this function available
is to define a emi(shadow member) calling the base class's member:
        verb(    class RandStream: private RandBuf, public std::istream
    {
        // implements a stream to extract random values from
        public:
            std::streamsize in_avail();
    };
    inline std::streamsize RandStream::in_avail()
    {
        return std::streambuf::in_avail();
    })

This looks like a lot of work for just making available a member from the
protected or private base classes. If the intent is to make available the
    hi(inheritance: access to base class member) tt(in_avail) member
emi(access promotion) can be used. Access promotion allows us to specify which
members of private (or protected) base classes become available in the
protected (or public) interface of the derived class. Here is the above
example, now using access promotion:
        verb(    class RandStream: private RandBuf, public std::istream
    {
        // implements a stream to extract random values from
        public:
            using std::streambuf::in_avail;
    };)

It should be noted that access promotion makes available all overloaded
versions of the declared base class member. So, if tt(streambuf) would offer
not only tt(in_avail) but also, e.g., tt(in_avail(size_t *)) em(both)
members would become part of the public interface.
