A i(lambda expression) defines an
    i(anonymous function object)hi(function object: anonymous), also called a
    emi(closure object) or simply a em(closure). 

    When a lambda expression is evaluated it results in a temporary function
object (the closure object). This temporary function object is of a unique
anonymous class type, called its emi(closure type).

Lambda expressions are used inside blocks, classes or namespaces (i.e., pretty
much anywhere you like). Their implied closure type is defined in the smallest
block, class or namespace scope containing the lambda expression. The closure
object's visibility starts at its point of definition and ends where its
closure type ends (i.e., their visibility is identical to the visibility of
plain variables).

The closure type defines a tt(const) public inline function call
operator. Here is an example of a lambda expression:
    hi(lambda-introducer)
    hi(lambda-declarator)
        verb(    []                      // the `lambda-introducer'
    (int x, int y)          // the `lambda-declarator'
    {                       // a normal compound-statement
        return x * y;
    })

The function (formally: the function call operator of the closure type
created by this lambda expression) expects two tt(int) arguments and returns
their product. This function is an inline tt(const) member of its closure
type. Its tt(const) attribute is removed if the lambda expression specifies
hi(lambda: mutable) tt(mutable). E.g.,
        verb(    [](int x, int y) mutable
    ...)

The lambda-declarator may be omitted if no parameters are defined, but
when specifying tt(mutable) (or tt(constexpr), see below) a lambda-declarator
must be specified (at least as an empty set of parentheses). The parameters in
a lambda declarator cannot be given default arguments.

Declarator specifiers can be tt(mutable), tt(constexpr), or both. A
tt(constexpr) lambda-expression is itself a tt(constexpr), which may be
compile-time evaluated if its arguments qualify as const-expressions. By
implication, if a lambda-expression is defined inside a tt(constexpr) function
then the lambda-expression itself is a tt(constexpr), and the tt(constexpr)
declarator specifier is not required. Thus, the following function definitions
are identical:
        verb(    int constexpr change10(int n)
    {
        return [n] 
               { 
                   return n > 10 ? n - 10 : n + 10; 
               }();
    }
    
    int constexpr change10(int n)
    {
        return [n] () constexpr 
               { 
                   return n > 10 ? n - 10 : n + 10; 
               }();
    })

A closure object as defined by the previous lambda expression could for
example be used in combination with the tt(accumulate) generic algorithm
(cf. section ref(ACCU)) to compute the product of a series of tt(int) values
stored in a vector:
        verb(    cout << accumulate(vi.begin(), vi.end(), 1,
                [] (int x, int y) 
                { 
                    return x * y; 
                }
            );)

This lambda expression implicitly defines its return
        hi(return type: implicit)
    type as tt(decltype(x * y)). Implicit return types can be used in these
cases:
    itemization(
    it() the lambda expression does not contain a tt(return) statement (i.e.,
        it's a void lambda expression);
    it() the lambda expression contains a single tt(return) statement; or
    it() the lambda expression contains multiple tt(return) statements
        returning values of identical types (e.g., all tt(int) values).
    )

    If there are multiple tt(return) statements returning values of different
types then the lambda expression's return type must explicitly be specified
using a
        hi(return type: late-specified)i(late-specified return type),
(cf. section ref(AUTO)):
        verb(    [](bool neg, double y) -> int
    {
        return neg ? -y : y;
    })

hi(lambda: access variables)Variables visible at the location of a lambda
expression may be accessible from inside the lambda expression's compound
statement. Which variables and how they are accessed depends on the content
of the lambda-introducer. 

When the lambda expression is defined inside a class member function the
lambda-introducer may contain tt(this) or tt(*this); where used in the
following overview this class-context is assumed.

Global variables are always accessible, and can be modified if their
definitions allow so (this in general holds true in the following overview:
when stated that `variables can be modified' then that only applies to
variables that themselves allow modifications). 

Local variables of the lambda expression's surrounding function 
may also be specified inside the lambda-introducer. The specification
tt(local) is used to refer to any comma-separated list of local variables
of the surrounding function that are visible at the lambda expression's
point of definition. There is no required ordering of the 
tt(this, *this) and tt(local) specifications.

Finally, where in the following overview tt(mutable) is mentioned it must be
specified, where tt(mutable_opt) is specified it is optional.

    Access globals, maybe data members and local variables, define data
members of lambda expressions:
    itemization(
    itt([] mutable_opt) limits access to merely global variables;

    itt([this] mutable_opt) allows access to all the object's data members,
        which can be modified.

    itt([*this]) provides access to all the object's members, which cannot be
        modified.

    itt([*this] mutable) is like tt([*this]) but modifiable copies are used
        inside the lambda expression without affecting the object's own data.

    itt([local] [this, local] [*this, local]): like the previous
        tt([...])  specifications, but tt(local) is immutably accessed.

    itt([local] mutable, [this, local] mutable, [*this, local] mutable): like
        the previous tt([...])  specifications, but tt(local) is available as
        a local copy, which can be modified without affecting the surrounding
        function's local variable.

    itt([&local] mutable_opt, [this, &local] mutable_opt, [*this, &local]
        mutable_opt): like the previous tt([...])  specifications, but
        tt(local) is available by modifiable reference of the surrounding
        function's local variable.

    itt([..., vars]): in addition to the above specifications lambda
        expressions may define their own data members. E.g., to define a
        lambda expression having its own tt(int count) and tt(double value)
        data members, and also allowing it to access and modify the caller's
        local variables its lambda-introducers can be specified as tt([&,
        count = int(0), value = double(0)]). Such local variables are not
        defined as usual, by first specifying their types, but by defining
        their initial values, allowing the compiler to deduce their types. If
        the lambda expression is defined as tt(mutable) they can also be
        modified by the lambda expression.
    )
    
    The following specifications must use tt(=) as the first element of the
    lambda-introducer. It allows accessing local variables by value,
    unless...:
    itemization(
    itt([=], [=, this], [=, *this]): the `local const' specifier: local
        variables are visible, but cannot be modified. 

    itt([=] mutable), tt([=, this] mutable, [=, *this] mutable):
        local variables are visible as modifiable copies. The original local
        variables themselves are not affected. 

    itt([=, &local] mutable_opt): like the previous tt([= ...])
        specifications, but tt(local) is accessed by modifiable
        reference.
    )

    The following specifications must use tt(&) as the first element of the
    lambda-introducer. It allows accessing local variables by reference,
    unless...:
    itemization(
    itt([&] mutable_opt), tt([&, this], mutable_opt): the `local reference
        specifier: local variables are visible as modifiable
        references. When the lambda expression is defined inside a class
        member function the object's members are accessible and modifiable.

    itt([&, *this] mutable_opt): 
        local variables are visible as modifiable references, data members are
        visible but cannot be modified.

    itt([&, local] mutable_opt), tt([&, this, local] mutable_opt), tt([&,
        *this, local] mutable_opt): like the previous tt([& ...])
        specifications, but tt(local) is accessed as a modifiable copy, not 
        affecting the surrounding function's local variable.
    )

Even when not specified, lambda expressions implicitly capture 
    hi(lambda: capture =, this) their tt(this)
pointers, and class members are always accessed relative to tt(this). But when
members are called asynchronously (cf. chapter ref(THREADING)) a problem may
arise, because the asynchronously called lambda function may refer to members
of an object whose lifetime ended shortly after asynchronously calling the
lambda function. This potential problem is solved by using `tt(*this)' in the
lambda-capture if it starts with tt(=), e.g., tt([=, *this]) (in addition,
variables may still also be captured, as usual). When specifying `tt(*this)'
the object to which tt(this) refers is em(explicitly captured): if the
object's scope ends it is not immediately destroyed, but its lifetime is
extended by the lambda-expression for the duration of that expression. In
order to use the `tt(*this)' specification, the object must be
available. Consider the following example:
        verb(    struct S2 
    {
        double ohseven = .007;

        auto f() 
        {
            return [this]                       // (1, see below)
                   {
                        return [*this]          // (2)
                               {
                                    return ohseven; // OK
                               };
                   }();                         // (3)
        }

        auto g() 
        {
            return [] 
                   {
                        return [*this] 
                        { 
                            // error: *this not captured by 
                            // the outer lambda-expression 
                        }; 
                    }();
        }
    };)

Although lambda expressions are anonymous function objects, they em(can) be
assigned to variables. Often, the variable is defined using the keyword
tt(auto). E.g.,
        verb(    auto sqr = [](int x)
               {
                   return x * x;
               };)

The lifetime of such lambda expressions is equal to the lifetime of the
variable receiving the lambda expression as its value. 

Note also that defining a lambda expression is different from calling its
function operator. The function tt(S2::f()) returns what the lamba expression
(1)'s function call operator returns: its function call operator is called by
using tt(()) (at (3)). What it in fact returns is another anonymous function
object (defined at tt((2))). As that's just a function object, to retrieve its
value it must still be called from tt(f's) return value using something like
this:
        verb(    S2 s2;
    s2.f()();)

Here, the second set of parentheses activates the returned function
object's function call operator. Had the parentheses been omitted at (3) then
tt(S2::f()) would have returned a mere anonymous function object (defined at
(1)), in which case it would require three sets of parentheses to retrieve
tt(ohseven's) value: tt(s2.f()()()).
