Melanitis

Melanitis Fabricius, 1807 Evening Browns

Melanitis Fabricius, 1807; Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 282; TS: Papilio leda Linnaeus
Hipio Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (4): 56; TS: Papilio constantia Cramer
- = Melanitis; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Cyllo Boisduval, 1832; in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1: 151; TS: Papilio leda Linnaeus
- = Melanitis; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Cyllo; [NHM-BMW]
Hipio; [NHM-BMW]
Melanitis; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [NHM-BMW]
Melanitis (Melaniniti); Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 172
Melanitis (Melanitini); [AfrL]; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Melanitis (Satyridae); Seitz, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde 1: 88; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 361
Melanitis (Satyrinae); Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 14
Melatanis; [NHM-BMW]
Melatanis[sic, Melanitis] (Satyrinae); Mabille, 1876, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 1: 199

1036x915 (~389Kb) underside Cambodia, Kep Province, Kep, at a pond, 22th April 2010, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	541x577 (~130Kb) underside Cambodia, Preah Sihanouk Province, a stony rivulet between Ream settlement and National Park, 3rd March 2017, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	767x565 (~153Kb) underside Cambodia, Preah Sihanouk Province, Koh Rong Island, a forest above the western beach, 30th March 2015, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
1214x979 (~344Kb) underside Cambodia, Mondukliri Province, Sen Monorom environs, a rivulet, the left tributary of the main river at Monorom Waterfall, 13th June 2014, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1011x963 (~381Kb) underside Cambodia, Mondukliri Province, 3.5 km ESE of Sen Monorom environs, a rivulet in a woody dell among a savannah plateau, 8th June 2014, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1014x1023 (~260Kb) underside Cambodia, Mondukliri Province, the river lrft bank below the lower Buu Sraa Waterfalls, 4th August 2016, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

Melanitis amabilis (Boisduval, 1832)

Moluccas, New Guinea. See [maps]

Cyllo amabilis Boisduval, 1832; in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1: 140

Melanitis amabilis; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; [BOW]: pl. 168, f. 7; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

M. a. amabilis Bismarck Archipelago

Melanitis amabilis amabilis; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 369; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. crameri (Butler, 1866) Ambon, Serang

Cyllo crameri Butler, 1866; Ent. mon. Mag. 3 (28): 77; TL: "Oceania"

Melanitis amabilis crameri; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 369, pl. 95 c; [BAUR], 264 (text)

M. a. kajelana Fruhstorfer, 1908 Buru

Melanitis amabilis kajelana Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Buru

Melanitis amabilis kajelana; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 369; [BAUR], 263; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. valentina Fruhstorfer, 1908 Fergusson I., New Guinea - Papua

Melanitis amabilis valentina Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: New Guinea; Fergusson I.

Melanitis amabilis valentina; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 369, pl. 95 b; [BAUR], 263; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. insulicola Rothschild, 1915 Dampier I., Vulcan I.

Melanitis amabilis insulicola Rothschild, 1915; Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 199; TL: Dampier Island; Vulcan Island

Melanitis amabilis insulicola; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. angulata Joicey & Noakes, 1915 Biak

Melanitis amabilis angulata Joicey & Noakes, 1915; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2): 196; TL: Biak

Melanitis amabilis angulata; [BAUR], 264 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. cristobali Samson, 1980 Solomons

Melanitis amabilis cristobali Samson, 1980; Tyô to Ga 30 (3,4): 229, f. 9; TL: San Cristoval, Kira Kira

Melanitis amabilis cristobali; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex]; [CoL]

Melanitis atrax (C. & R. Felder, 1863)

Philippines. See [maps]

Cyllo atrax C. & R. Felder, 1863; Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 122

Melanitis atrax; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; [BOW]: pl. 168, f. 9; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

M. a. atrax Philippines (Luzon, Poliloo, Burias)

Melanitis atrax atrax; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365, pl. 96 a; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. erichsonia (C. & R. Felder, 1863) Philippines (Mindoro)

Cyllo erichsonia C. & R. Felder, 1863; Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 123
Melanitis atrax erichsonia f. violetta Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: Mindoro
Melanitis atrax erichsonia f. pseudaswa Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: Mindoro

Melanitis atrax erichsonia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Melanitis atrax erichsonia f. pseudaswa; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365
Melanitis atrax erichsonia f. violetta; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365

M. a. cajetana Semper, 1886 Philippines (Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Camotes)

Melanitis cajetana Semper, 1886; Reisen Philipp. (1): 42, (2): pl. 9, f. 7-8

Melanitis atrax cajetana; [BOR], 412; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. lucillus Fruhstorfer, 1908 Philippines (Mindanao)

Melanitis atrax lucillus Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: Mindanao

Melanitis atrax lucillus; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365, pl. 96 a; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. bazilana Fruhstorfer, 1908 Philippines (Basilan)

Melanitis atrax bazilana Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: Bazilan

Melanitis atrax bazilana; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. elya Fruhstorfer, 1911 Philippines (Jolo Is.)

Melanitis atrax elya Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365

Melanitis atrax elya; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. a. pitiya Fruhstorfer, 1911 Sanghie, Talaud

Melanitis atrax pitiya Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365

Melanitis atrax pitiya; [BOR], 412; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis belinda Grose-Smith, 1895

-. See [maps]

Melanitis belinda Grose-Smith, 1895; Novit. Zool. 2 (2): 79; TL: Adonara

Melanitis belinda; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]

M. b. belinda Alor, Adonara, ?Sumba, ?Sumbava

Melanitis belinda belinda; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. b. cruentula Fruhstorfer, 1897 Lombok, ?Bali

Melanitis cruentula Fruhstorfer, 1897; Soc. Ent. 11 (21): 172; TL: Lombok
Melanitis belinda cruentula Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86; TL: Lombok
Melanitis belinda cruentula f. vada Fruhtorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367

Melanitis belinda cruentula; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367, pl. 95 c; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Melanitis cruentula; Fruhstorfer, 1897, Berl. Ent. Zs. 41 (4): 386, pl. 9, f. 5

M. b. adingi Hanafusa, 2008 E.Java

Melanitis belinda adingi Hanafusa, 2008; Futao (54): 6, pl. 2, f. 23-24; TL: Watu Ulo, E.Java

Melanitis belinda adingi; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis boisduvalia (C. & R. Felder, 1863)

Philippines. See [maps] Boisduval's Evening Brown

Cyllo boisduvalia C. & R. Felder, 1863; Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4): 123; TL: Mindoro?

Melanitis boisduvalia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]
?Maniola boisduvalia; [BOW]: pl. 168, f. 8

M. b. boisduvalia Philippines (Luzon)

Melanitis boisduvalia boisduvalia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. b. palawanica Fruhstorfer, 1908 Philippines (Palawanica)

Melanitis boisduvalia palawanica Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86; TL: Palawan

Melanitis boisduvalia palawanica; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367, pl. 95 c; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. b. carales Fruhstorfer, 1911 Philippines (Mindoro)

Melanitis boisduvalia carales Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; TL: Mindoro

Melanitis boisduvalia carales; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. b. pompeja Fruhstorfer, 1911 Philippines (Basilan)

Melanitis boisduvalia pompeja Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; TL: Bazilan

Melanitis boisduvalia pompeja; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. b. ernita Fruhstorfer, 1911 Sulawesi, Talaud, Sangihe

Melanitis boisduvalia ernita Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367

Melanitis boisduvalia ernita; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis constantia (Cramer, [1777])

Moluccas, Solomon Islands, New Guinea. See [maps] Constantia Evening Brown

Papilio constantia Cramer, [1777]; Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9-16): 57, pl. 133, f. A, B; TL: Amboina

Hipio constantia;
Melanitis constantia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; [BOW]: pl. 168, f. 10; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]

M. c. constantia Kai I., Moluccas, West Irian (Geelvink Bay) - New Guinea (Finisterre Mts.)

Melanitis gylippa Swinhoe, 1893; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 12 (70): 255; TL: Ké I.
Melanitis constantia batjana Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Batjan
Melanitis constantia batjana f. microphthalma Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Batjan
Melanitis constantia dampierensis Rothschild, 1915; Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 199; TL: Dampier Island
Melanitis constantia constantia f. depicta Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82
Melanitis constantia dictatrix Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Buru
Melanitis constantia geluna Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: New Guinea, Mt. Gelu
Melanitis constantia jobina Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Jobi I.
Melanitis constantia kapaura Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Kapaur
Melanitis constantia meforica Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Mafoor or Melor I.
Melanitis constantia minuscula Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Key I.
Melanitis constantia obiana Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Obi

Melanitis constantia batjana; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368, pl. 95 a
Melanitis constantia batjana f. microphthalma; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia constantia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; [BAUR], 264; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Melanitis constantia constantia f. depicta; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia dictatrix; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368, pl. 95 a
Melanitis constantia geluna; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368, pl. 95 a
Melanitis constantia gylippa; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia jobina; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia kapaura; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia meforica; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia minuscula; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368
Melanitis constantia obiana; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368

M. c. despoliata Fruhstorfer, 1908 Shortland Is.?, New Britain, Duke of York, New Ireland

Melanitis constantia despoliata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Neu-Pommern; Neu-Hannover

Melanitis constantia despoliata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; [BAUR], 264 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. c. salapia Fruhstorfer, 1911 Sula I.

Melanitis constantia salapia Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; TL: Sula-Mangoli

Melanitis constantia salapia; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pacific Islands, Riu Kiu, Australia, AS, S.Arabia, Tropical Africa, Madagascar. See [maps] Common Evening Brown

Papilio leda Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 474
Papilio solandra Fabricius, 1775; Syst. Ent.: 500
Cyllo leda var. taitensis Felder, 1862; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 (1/2): 492
Cyllo obsoleta C. & R. Felder, [1867]; Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (3): 464; TL: Celebes
Melanitis barnardi Lucas, 1892; Proc. R. Soc. Qd 8 (3): 71; TL: Rockhampton to Brisbane
Melanitis leda obsolescens Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362
Melanitis leda crimisa Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; TL: Timor
?Melanitis leda sumbana van Eecke, 1933; Zool. Meded. 16 (6): 62; TL: Kambera, NE. Soemba

Melanitis leda saipanensis; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Melanitis leda solandra; Fruhstorfer, 1902, Stettin ent. Ztg 63 (1): 352; Fruhstorfer, 1908, Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; Holloway & Peters, 1976, J. Nat. Hist. 10: 301; [iNaturalist]
Melanitis leda sumbana; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Melanitis leda; Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 15, pl. 10, f. 1a-b; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 49 Pt.II (4): 226; Seitz, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde 1: 88, pl. 32 e; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 102; [EBW]; [BAUR]; [BOW]: pl. 169, f. 1; [BOR], 410; [MRS], 317; Dunn & Dunn, 1991, Review Austr. Butts.:; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 172; [AfrL]; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM] ; [Don Herbison-Evans]
Melanitis taitensis; [iNaturalist]
bernardi[sic, barnardi]; Gaede, 1931

512x341 (~57Kb) underside India: Itanagar, 14.11.2005, Photo © Kedar Tokekar

M. l. leda Africa, S.Yunnan, Sri Lanka, India, Indo-China, China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Borneo, Philippines, Tanahjampea, Kalao

?Papilio mycena Cramer, [1780]; Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25-26a): 7, pl. 291, f. F
Cyllo helena Westwood, [1851]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (2): 361
Cyllo leda var.? fulvescens Guenée, 1862; in Maillard, Notes Ile Réunion 2 (Lép.): 15; TL: Reunion
?Melanitis determinata Butler, 1885; Proc. ent. Soc. 1885: vi; TL: India
?Melanitis leda arcensia f. lacrima Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86; TL: Java

Melanitis leda helena; [BAFR], 162; [MadL]
Melanitis leda ismene f. determinata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362
Melanitis leda leda; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362, pl. 95 d; [BK]: 264, pl. 28, f. 398; [BMP]: 119, pl. 15, f. 1-2; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 172; Huang & Xue, 2004, Neue Ent. Nachr. 57: 140 (name); [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist] ; [Yutaka Inayoshi]
?Melanitis ismene var. determinata; Butler, 1900, Mon. Christmas Isl.: 61
?Melanitis leda ismene f. mycena; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362
?Melanitis leda simessa f. lacrima; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362

1193x1109 (~392Kb) underside Cambodia, Kep Province, Kep, Treetop Buingalow. 6th December 2010, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1208x1052 (~386Kb) underside Cambodia, Kep Province, Kep, Treetop Buingalow. 6th December 2010, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1157x1067 (~366Kb) underside Cambodia, Kep Province, Kep, Treetop Buingalow. 5th December 2010, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
1184x1121 (~430Kb) underside Cambodia, Ratanakiri Province, 'Orolestes pool' 7 km NEE of Ban Lung, 30th May 2013, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	identification uncertain 1090x1003 (~168Kb) underside Thailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikawe beach, under shrubbery canopy at the coast, 3rd February, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	identification uncertain 1204x1022 (~223Kb) underside Thailand, Chanthaburi, Khao-Kitchakut National Park, a dry stony bad of an arm of the Krating River at its mouth shaded by a tropical forest. 4th January 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

M. l. bankia (Fabricius, 1775) Northern Territory, Cape York - Port Macquarie, Ambon, Serang

Papilio bankia Fabricius, 1775; Syst. Ent.: 499

Melanitis leda bankia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [BAUR], 263; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist]
Papilio banksia[sic, bankia]; Donovan, 1805, Epitome nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland: pl. 25 (as banksia in text)

M. l. ismene (Cramer, [1775]) Yunnan, ...?

Papilio ismene Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 40, pl. 26, f. A,B; TL: China

Melanitis ismene; Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 824; Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 14, pl. 10, f. 2a-b
Melanitis leda ismene; Seitz, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde 1: 88, pl. 32 e; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; [MRS], 317; Huang, 2001; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex]; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

M. l. bouruana Holland, 1900 Buru

Melanitis leda bouruana Holland, 1900; Novit. Zool. 7 (1): 61; TL: Buru

Melanitis leda bouruana; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 172; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist]
Melanitis leda buruana[sic, bouruana]; Rothschild, 1915, Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 123; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; [BAUR], 263 (text)

M. l. desperata Fruhstorfer, 1908 Timor, Wetar

Melanitis leda desperata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86; TL: Wetter I.

Melanitis leda desperata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. moluccarum Fruhstorfer, 1908 Bachan, Halmahera, Obi

Melanitis leda moluccarum Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86; TL: Batjan; Halmaheira; Obi

Melanitis leda moluccarum; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. offaka Fruhstorfer, 1908 Waigeu - West Irian

Melanitis leda offaka Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Wagiu

Melanitis leda offaka; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. destitans Fruhstorfer, 1908 New Guinea

Melanitis leda destitans Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: German New Guinea

Melanitis leda destitans; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. kiriwinae Fruhstorfer, 1908 Kiriwina

Melanitis leda kiriwinae Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Kiriwina

Melanitis leda kiriwinae; [BAUR], 263 (text); Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. dominans Fruhstorfer, 1908 New Ireland?, Duke of York I., New Britain

Melanitis leda dominans Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Bismarck Islands

Melanitis leda dominans; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363, pl. 96 a; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. salomonis Fruhstorfer, 1908 Solomons

Melanitis leda salomonis Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Solomons

Melanitis leda salomonis; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 383; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [BAUR], 263 (text)

M. l. palliata Fruhstorfer, 1908 Palau

Melanitis leda palliata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Palau

Melanitis leda palliata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363, pl. 95 d (as pallida); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. levuna Fruhstorfer, 1908 Fiji (Viti Levu)

Melanitis leda levuna Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Viti-Leou

Melanitis leda levuna; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. africana Fruhstorfer, 1908 Transvaal, Rhodesia, Moçambique

Melanitis leda africana Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87; TL: Matabeland
Melanitis leda africana f. zitenides Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 87

Melanitis leda africana; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [PBSA]; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Melanitis leda africana f. zitenides; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363

?M. l. simessa Fruhstorfer, 1911 Bali?

Melanitis leda simessa Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; TL: Java
Melanitis leda simessa f. ismenides Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362; TL: Java

Melanitis leda simessa; Rothschild, 1915, Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 123

M. l. angulata Joicey & Noakes, 1915 Biak

Melanitis amabilis angulata Joicey & Noakes, 1915; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2): 196

Melanitis leda angulata; [BAUR], 263 (text); [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. l. celebicola Martin, 1929 Sulawesi, Sangihe, Banggai

Melanitis ismene celebicola Martin, 1929; Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges. 19 (5-9): 150; TL: Celebes

Melanitis leda celebicola; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 172; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis libya Distant, 1882

Rhodesia, Moçambique - Kenya (coastal), Zaire (Shaba) - Gambia. See [maps]

Melanitis libya Distant, 1882; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 10 (59): 405
Melanitis libya nyassae Bartel, 1905; Novit. Zool. 12: 130; TL: n.Nyassa-See

Malanitis lybia[sic, libya]; [BAFR], 162
Melanitis libya; [BK]: 264, pl. 28, f. 39; [BOW]: pl. 116, f. 13; [AfrL]; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

Melanitis phedima (Cramer, [1780])

Ceylon, Burma, S.India, Pachmarti, Kasmir - Assam, China, Japan, Riu Kiu. See [maps] Dark Evening Brown

Papilio phedima Cramer, [1780]; Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25-26a): 8, pl. 292, f. B; TL: Java
?Papilio arcensia Cramer, [1780]; Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25-26a): 8, pl. 292, f. C
Melanitis phedima f. fulvinotata Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364
Melanitis bethami de Nicéville, 1887; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 (3): 451; TL: Pachmarhi, Central Provinces, 3500ft
Melanitis aculeata Hampson, 1889; J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 57 (4): 351
Melanitis phedima muskata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80; TL: W.China
Melanitis phedima muskata f. patra Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80
Melanitis phedima muskata f. autumnalis Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80; TL: W.China
Melanitis phedima var. asakurae Matsumura, 1919; Thous. Ins. Japan. Addit. 3: 554; TL: Horisha, Hoppo, Formosa
Melanitis phedima var. oitensis Matsumura, 1919; Thous. Ins. Japan. Addit. 3: 554; TL: Kiushiu (Oita)

Melanitis phedima aculeata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363
Melanitis phedima bethami; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [iNaturalist]
Melanitis phedima morosa; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Melanitis phedima mukata[sic, muskata]; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363
Melanitis phedima mukata[sic] f. autumnalis; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363
Melanitis phedima mukata[sic] f. patra; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363
Melanitis phedima oitensis; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 102; [iNaturalist]
Melanitis phedima; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [BOW]: pl. 169, f. 2; [BOR], 412; [MRS], 320; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 172; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist] ; [LEPIFORUM]
?Melanitis phedima ♀ f. arcensia; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362

Misidentified/misapplied:

?Melanitis leda arcensia; Fruhstorfer, 1908, Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86
- = Melanitis leda simessa; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 362

1238x874 (~225Kb) ♂ underside An edge of a shady bamboo forest at Dragonfly Biotope Ponds, Hiraoka, Ikazaki-cho, Ehime-ken, Shikoku-Chiho, Japan. 7th August 2002, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

720x516 (~65Kb) underside The Shibu River (Shibukawa) right bank at Hidaka village (Hidakamura), Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan, 5th August 2002, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

814x914 (~189Kb) underside The Shibu River (Shibukawa) right bank at Hidaka village (Hidakamura), Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan, 5th August 2002, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

M. p. phedima Java

Melanitis suyudana Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 4; TL: Java
- = ; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364

Melanitis aswa suyudana; Seitz, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde 1: 89
Melanitis phedima phedima; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. varaha Moore, 1857 S.India (sea level)

Melanitis varaha Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 224; TL: Canara, S. India

Melanitis phedima varaha; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist]

M. p. gokala Moore, 1857 S.India

Melanitis gokala Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 224; TL: Canara, S. India
Melanitis ampa Swinhoe, 1890; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 5 (29): 353; TL: North Kanara

Melanitis phedima ampa; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364
Melanitis phedima gokala; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]
?zitenius r. gokala; [BIR], (S.India)

M. p. tambra Moore, [1880] Ceylon

Melanitis tambra Moore, [1880]; Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 15, pl. 9, f. 2, 2a-c; TL: Ceylon

Melanitis phedima tambra; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. bela Moore, 1857 Assam - Burma, Thailand, Indo China

Melanitis bela Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 223; TL: "Bengal"
Cyllo aswa Moore, [1866]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3): 769; TL: N.E. Bengal
Cyllo tristis C. & R. Felder, [1867]; Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (3): 464; TL: India Septentrionalis
- = Melanitis phedima aswa; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364

Melanitis aswa tristis; Seitz, 1907, Gross-Schmett. Erde 1: 89, pl. 32 d
Melanitis bela; Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 824
Melanitis phedima aswa; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364
Melanitis phedima bela; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [BOR], 412; [MRS], 320; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist]

M. p. abdullae Distant, 1883 Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra

Melanitis phedima abdullae Distant, 1883; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 12 (70): 241; TL: Malaysia

Melanitis phedima abdullae; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; [BOR], 412; [BMP]: 120, pl. 15, f. 3-4; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [Yutaka Inayoshi]

M. p. ganapati Fruhstorfer, 1908 Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, S.Yunnan

Melanitis phedima ganapati Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80; TL: Tonkin; Annam; Tenasserim
Melanitis phedima ganapati f. aswina Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80

Melanitis phedima ganapati; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 363; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist] ; [Yutaka Inayoshi]
Melanitis phedima ganapati f. aswina; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364

M. p. polishana Fruhstorfer, 1908 Taiwan

Melanitis phedima polishana Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80; TL: Formosa

Melanitis phedima polishana; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365, pl. 96 b c; [BOR], 412; [MRS], 320; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [iNaturalist]

M. p. sumati Fruhstorfer, 1908 Nias

Melanitis phedima sumati Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: Nias

Melanitis phedima sumati; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364, pl. 96 b; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. linga Fruhstorfer, 1908 Sulawesi

Melanitis phedima linga Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: N.Celebes

Melanitis phedima linga; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; [BOR], 412; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. galkissa Fruhstorfer, 1911 NW.India

Melanitis phedima galkissa Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; TL: Kulu

Melanitis phedima galkissa; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. enganica Fruhstorfer, 1911 Enggano

Melanitis phedima enganica Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 364; TL: Engano

Melanitis phedima enganica; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. nuwara Fruhstorfer, 1911 Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro)

Melanitis phedima nuwara Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; TL: Mindoro
- = ?Melanitis leda leda;

Melanitis phedima nuwara; [BOR], 412; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis pyrrha Röber, 1887

-. See [maps]

Melanitis pyrrha Röber, 1887; Corr.-Bl. Ent. Ver. Iris 1 (4): 192, pl. 8, f. 9-10
Melanitis röberi Röber, 1887; Corr.-Bl. Ent. Ver. Iris 1 (4): 192 (nom. nud.)

Melanitis pyrrha; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

M. p. pyrrha Banggai

Melanitis pyrrha pyrrha; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. hylecoetes Holland, 1890 Sulawesi

Melanitis hylecoetes Holland, 1890; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 25: 55

Melanitis hylecoetus[sic, hylecoetes]; Fruhstorfer, 1908, Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86
Melanitis pyrrha hylecoetes; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. p. oinoe Fruhstorfer, 1908 Bachan

Melanitis hylecoetus[sic] oinoe Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 86; TL: Batjan

Melanitis pyrrha oinoe; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 368, pl. 95 d; [BAUR], 264; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis velutina (C. & R. Felder, [1867])

Celebes. See [maps]

Cyllo velutina C. & R. Felder, [1867]; Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (3): 463

Melanitis velutina; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; [BOW]: pl. 169, f. 7; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

M. v. velutina Sulawes

Melanitis velutina velutina; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365, pl. 96 b c; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. v. ribbei Röber, 1887 Sulawesi, Banggai

Melanitis ribbei Röber, 1887; Corr.-Bl. Ent. Ver. Iris 1 (4): 192, pl. 9, f. 1-2

Melanitis velutina ribbei; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 365; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. v. gigantea Fruhstorfer, 1908 Buru, Serang

Melanitis velutina gigantea Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 82; TL: Ceram

Melanitis velutina gigantea; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BAUR], 264; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. v. panvila Fruhstorfer, 1911 Sula Is.

Melanitis velutina panvila Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; TL: Sula Mangoli

Melanitis velutina panvila; [BOR], 410; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 173; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis zitenius (Herbst, 1796)

Sikkim, Malaya, Assam, Burma, Kumaon - Karen Hills. See [maps] Great Evening Brown

Papilio zitenius Herbst, 1796; in Jablonsky, Naturs. Schmett. 8: [5]; TL: India, East coast north of Coromandel
Melanitis vamana Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 223; TL: Darjeeling; N. India

Melanitis zitenius; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BOR], 410; [BIR], 124; [MRS], 321; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [LepIndex] ; [CoL] ; [iNaturalist]

M. z. zitenius Sikkim, Assam - Burma

Melanitis zitenius zitenius f. decolorata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Sikkim; Assam
Melanitis zitenius zitenius f. semifasciata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Sikkim; Assam

Melanitis zitenius zitenius; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]
Melanitis zitenius zitenius f. decolorata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366
Melanitis zitenius zitenius f. semifasciata; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366
Melanitis zitenius f. decolorata; [BOR], 411, f.
zitenius r. zitenius; [BIR], (Kumaon - Karens)

M. z. ambasara Moore, 1857 Java

Melanitis ambasara Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 223; TL: Java
Melanitis zitenius ambasara f. grisescens Fruhstorfer, 1911; Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366

Melanitis zitenius ambasara; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. gnophodes Butler, 1868 Java, Bali, Lombok

Melanitis gnophodes Butler, 1868; Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus.: 5, pl. 2, f. 1

Melanitis zitenius gnophodes; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. kalinga Moore, 1894 S.India

Melanitis kalinga Moore, 1894; Lepidoptera Indica 2 (18): 137, pl. 131, f. 2, 2a; TL: Upper Godaveri District, S.India

Melanitis zitenius kalinga; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. xantophthalmus Staudinger, 1889 Sumba

Melanitis leda var. xantophthalmus Staudinger, 1889; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1): 35; TL: Palawan

Melanitis zitenius xantophthalmus; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 367; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. auletes Fruhstorfer, 1908 S.Burma, Peninsular Malaya, Thailand - Indo China, S.Yunnan

Melanitis zitenius auletes Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Tonkin, Chiem-Hoa
Melanitis zitenius anisakana Tytler, 1939; J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 41 (2): 248; TL: Anisakan, Maymyo, Myanmar

Melanitis auletes; [iNaturalist]
Melanitis zitenius anisakana; [LepIndex]; [CoL]
Melanitis zitenius auletes; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BOR], 410; [BMP]: 120, pl. 15, f. 5-6; [Wahlberg, 2023]; [Yutaka Inayoshi]

M. z. sumatranus Fruhstorfer, 1908 Sumatra

Melanitis zitenius sumatranus Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (21): 83; TL: Sumatra

Melanitis zitenius sumatranus; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366, pl. 95 c; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]
zitenius r. sumatranus; [BIR]

M. z. rufinus Fruhstorfer, 1908 Borneo

Melanitis zitenius rufinus Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 85; TL: Borneo

Melanitis zitenius rufinus; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. niasicus Fruhstorfer, 1908 Nias

Melanitis zitenius niasicus Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 85:Nias

Melanitis zitenius niasicus; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366, pl. 95 d; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. zenon Fruhstorfer, 1908 Sumbawa

Melanitis zitenius zenon Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (22): 85; TL: Sumbawa

Melanitis zitenius zenon; Fruhtorfer, 1911, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 366, pl. 95 d; [BOR], 410; [Wahlberg, 2023]

M. z. hainanensis Gu, 1994 Hainan?

Melanitis zitenius hainanensis Gu, 1994; in Chou, Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium, 1-2: 755, 321, f. 16; TL: Hainan?

Melanitis zitenius hainanensis; [Wahlberg, 2023]

Melanitis liukiuana Swinhoe, 1915; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16 (93): 172; TL: Liukiu Is.

Melanitis liukiuana; [LepIndex] ; [CoL]

References:

[AfrL] Mark C. Williams
Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); Afrototropical Butterflies; e-mail: Mark C. Williams
[BHL] The
Biodiversity Heritage Library; and on; Internet Archive; Note: The linking to the content of Internet Archive is somewhat delicate -- notify me when links break!
[CiNii]
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/
[CoL] Catalogue of Life
Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Döring, M., Ower, G., Hernández Robles, D. R., Plata Corredor, C. A., Stjernegaard Jeppesen, T., Örn, A., Vandepitte, L., Hobern, D., Schalk, P., DeWalt, R. E., Ma, K., Miller, J., Orrell, T., Aalbu, R., Abbott, J., Adlard, R., Aedo, C., et al. (2024). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2024-03-26); https://doi.org/10.48580/dfz8d
[Don Herbison-Evans] and Stella A. Crossley
Australian Caterpillars and their Butterflies and Moths
[HBN] Francis Hemming, 1937
HÜBNER, A bibliographical and systematic account of the entomological works of Jacob Hübner and of the supplements thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried Franz von Frölich and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer, Vol 1 & 2
[Kedar Tokekar]
India
[LAMAS-2005] Gerardo Lamas
Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)
[LAMAS-NEO] Gerardo Lamas
Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)
[LEPIFORUM]
Lepiforum; Bestimmung von Schmetterlingen (Lepidoptera) und ihren Präimaginalstadien
[LepIndex] Global Lepidoptera Index
Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A., Lyal, C., Ollerenshaw, J., Wing, P., & Hobern, D. (2024). Global Lepidoptera Index. In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, L. Vandepitte, D. Hobern, P. Schalk, R. E. DeWalt, K. Ma, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, R. Adlard, C. Aedo, et al., Catalogue of Life Checklist (1.1.24.106); https://doi.org/10.48580/dg4lg-49xk
[NBC] Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis
NBC naturalis
[NHM-BMW] Natural History Museum
Butterflies and Moths of the World; Generic Names and their Type-species
[Oleg Kosterin] Institue of Cytology & Genetics
Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/
[Wahlberg]
Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group
[Yutaka Inayoshi]
A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China; Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM
[ZOBODAT] Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum
OÖ. Landesmuseum; ZOBODAT - Literatur
[iNaturalist]
iNaturalist
[maps]
Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.

Some related literature:

Butler in Andrews, 1900
A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): Physical Features and Geology Mon. Christmas Isl. : 1-337, pl. 1-21,2bis
Bartel, 1905
Neue Aethiopische Rhopalocera des Kgl. Museums für Naturkunde in Berlin Novit. Zool. 12 : 129-152
Boisduval, 1832
Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandément de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'Océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage. Lépidoptères in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1 : 1-267, pl. 1-5
Butler, 1866
Descriptions of some new species of diurnal Lepidoptera in the collection of the British Museum Ent. mon. Mag. 3 (28) : 76-78
Butler, 1868
A catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum Cat. diurn. Lep. Satyridae Brit. Mus. : 1-211, pl. 1-5
Butler, 1885
A few Observations touching Mr. De Nicéville's recent Suggestions on Seasonal Dimorphism in the Lepidoptera Proc. ent. Soc. 1885 : v-vii
[MRS]; Chou, 1994
Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1-2 Mon. Rhop. Sinesium : 1-854
[BMP]; Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992
The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Fourth Edition revised by J. N. Eliot with plates by Bernard D'Abrera Butterflies Malay Peninsula (4th edn) : 1-595, pl. 1-69
Cramer, [1775]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 1-132, pl. 1-84 (1775), (8): 133-155, pl. 85-96 (1776)
Cramer, [1777]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9-16): 1-152, pl. 97-192 (1777)
Cramer, [1780]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25-26a): 1-28, pl. 289-304 (1780), : 247-252 (index)
[BAUR]; D'Abrera, 1977
Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
[BAFR]; D'Abrera, 1980
Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region: -
[BOR]; D'Abrera, 1982-1986
Butterflies of the Oriental Region I-III
de Nicéville, 1887
Descriptions of some new or little-known Butterflies from India, with some Notes on the seasonal Dimorphism obtaining in the Genus Melanitis Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1887 (3) : 448-467, pl. 39-40
[PBSA]; Dickson & Kroon, 1978
Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa
Distant, 1882
On some apparently undescribed Rhopalocera Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 10 (59) : 405-407
Distant, 1883
Contributions to a Knowledge of Malayan Entomology. 1 Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 12 (70) : 241-243
Donovan, 1805
An Epitome of the Natural History of the Insects of New Holland, New Zealand, New Guinea, Otaheite and other Islands in the Indian, Sothern and Pacific Oceans ... Epitome nat. Hist. Ins. New Holland : pl. [1-41]
Westwood, [1851]
The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by W. C. Hewitson Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 1-18, pl. A, 1-4 (1-2) (1846), (1): 19-132, pl. 4*, 18*, 5-25, 28 (3-14) (1847), (1): 133-200, pl. 1*, 26, 27, 29 (15-23) (1848), (1): pl. 31-44 (15-23) (1848), (1): 201-242, pl. 30, 45-52, 56-58, 60-62, 64 (24-31) (1849), (1): 243-250 [?], (2): 243-326, pl. 53-55, 63, 65, 66 (32-38) (1850), (2): 327-466, pl. 59, 67-77 (39-50) (1851), (2): 467-534, 143, 144, pl. 78-80 (Index) (51-54) (1852)
Dunn & Dunn, 1991
Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy Review Austr. Butts. (1): 1-196, (2): 197-335, (3): 336-512, (4): 513-660
van Eecke, 1933
Some new Malayan Lepidoptera Zool. Meded. 16 (6): 61-64
Fabricius, 1775
Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Adiectis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus Syst. Ent. : 1-832
Fabricius, 1807
Die neueste Gattungs-Eintheilung der Schmetterlinge aus den Linnéischen Gattungen Papilio und Sphinx Mag. f. Insektenk. 6 : 277-295
Felder, 1862
Verzeichniss der von den Naturforschern der k. k. Fregatte Novara gesammelten Macropepidoteren Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 (1/2) : 473-496
C. & R. Felder, 1863
Lepidoptera nova a Dr. Carolo Semper in Insulis Philippinis collecta diagnosibus. (3) Wien. ent. Monats. 7 (4) : 105-127
C. & R. Felder, [1867]
Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Behilfen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (1): 1-136, pl. 1-21 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, [1865]), (2): 137-378, pl. 22-47 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, 1865), (3): 379-536, pl. 48-74 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, 1867), (4): 537-548, pl. 75-120, (Inhalts-Verz.) 1-9 (pl. 1-74), (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) , (5): pl. 121-140, (erklärung) 1-10 (pl. 75-107), (Inhalts-Verz.) 1-20 (pl. 108-140), (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Fruhstorfer, 1897
Neue Lepidopteren aus Lombok. I-IV Soc. Ent. 11 (13): 107-108 (1 October, 1896), (14): 115-116 (15 October, 1896), (15): 123-124 (1 November, 1896), (17): 140 (1 December, 1896), (21): 172 (1 February, 1897)
Fruhstorfer, 1897
Neue und wenig bekannte Lepidopteren aus dem malayischen Archipel Berl. Ent. Zs. 41 (4) : 377-399, pl. 9 (end May)
Fruhstorfer, 1902
Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lepidopteren der Viti-Inseln Stettin ent. Ztg 63 (1) : 350-359 (1 July)
Fruhstorfer, 1908
Monographische Revision der Gattung Melanitis Ent. Zs. 22 (20): 80, 2 fgs. (15 August), (21): 82-84, 1 fig. (22 August), (22): 85-87, 3 fgs. (29 August)
Grose-Smith, 1895
Descriptions of new species of butterflies, captured by Mr. Doherty in the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, and now in the Museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild at Tring Novit. Zool. 2 (2): 75-85, (4): 505-514
Hampson, 1889
The Butterflies of the Nilgiri District, South India J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 57 (4) : 346-368 (1889)
Hanafusa, 2008
A new subspecies of Melanitis belinda Grose-Smith from East Java, Indonesia (Lepidotera, Satyridae) Futao (54): 6
Herbst, 1796
Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insekten als eine Fortsetzun der von Büffonschen Naturgeschichte in Jablonsky, Naturs. Schmett. 8 : 1-304, pl. 181-230
Holland, 1890
Asiatic Lepidoptera. List of the diurnal lepidoptera taken by Mr Willian Doherty of Cincinnati, in Celebes, June and July 1887, with descriptions of some apparently new forms Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 25 : 52-82, pl. 3-5
Holland, 1900
The Lepidoptera of Buru. (1) Rhopalocera, (2) Heterocera Novit. Zool. 7 (1): 54-86, (3): 555-591
Holloway & Peters, 1976
The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands J. Nat. Hist. 10 : 273-318
Huang & Xue, 2004
A Contribution to the Butterfly Fauna of Southern Yunnan Neue Ent. Nachr. 57: 135-154, pl. 11
Hübner, [1819]
Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 1816-[1826] Verz. bek. Schmett. (1): [1-3], 4-16 (1816), (2): 17-32 (1819), (3): 33-48 (1819), (4): 49-64 (1819), (5): 65-80 (1819), (6): 81-96 (1819), (7): 97-112 (1819), (8): 113-128 (1819), (9): 129-144 (1819), (10): 145-160 (1819), (11): 161-176 (1819), (12): 177-192 (1820), (13): 193-208 (1820), (14): 209-224 (1821), (15): 225-240 (1821), (16): 241-256 (1821), (17): 257-272 (1823), (18): 273-288 (1823), (19): 289-304 (1823), (20): 305-320 (1825), (21): 321-336 (1825), (22): 337-352 (1825), (23-27): 353-431 ([1825])
Joicey & Noakes, 1915
New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1915 (2) : 177-197, pl. 21-28
Kudrna, 1974
An annotated List of Japanese Butterflies Atalanta 5 : 92-120
[BK]; Larsen, 1996
The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history Butterflies of Kenya
[MadL]; Lees, Kremen & Raharitsimba, 2003
Classification, Diversity and Endemism of the Butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea): A Revised Species Checklist in Goodman & Benstead, Nat. Hist. Madagascar : 762-793
[BOW]; Lewis, 1974
Butterflies of the World
Linnaeus, 1758
Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1 : 1-338, : 339-824
Lucas, 1892
On 34 new species of Australian Lepidoptera with additional localities, &c Proc. R. Soc. Qd 8 (3) : 68-94
Mabille, 1876
Catalogue des Lépidoptères de la cote occidentale d'Afrique Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 1 : 194-203 (1876), : 274-281 (1877)
Martin, 1929
Die Tagfalter der Insel Celebes. (8) Satyriden Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges. 19 (5-9) : 117-164
Matsumura, 1919
Thousand Insects of Japan. Additamenta 3 [Shin Nihon senchu zukai] Thous. Ins. Japan. Addit. 3 : 475-742, pl. 26-53
Moore, 1857
A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: : 1-278, pl. 1-12,1a,2a,3a,4a,5a,6a
Moore, [1866]
On the Lepidopterous Insects of Bengal Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3) : 755-823, pl. 41-43
Moore, 1878
A list of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. Ossian Limborg in Upper Tenasserim, with Descriptions of new Species Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 821-859, pl. 51-53 (1879)
Moore, [1880]
The Lepidoptera of Ceylon Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 1-40, pl. 1-18 (Dec 1880), (2): 41-80, pl. 19-36 (Jan 1881), (3): 81-136, pl. 37-54 (Jun 1881), (4): 137-190, pl. 55-71 (Dec 1881)
Moore, 1894
Lepidoptera Indica. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub-families Satyrinae (continued), Elymniinae, Amathusiinae, Nymphalinae (Group Charaxina) Lepidoptera Indica 2 (13): 1-32, pl. 95-100 (1893), (14): 33-64, pl. 101-107 (1893), (15): 65-88, pl. 108-114 (1893), (16): 89-112, pl. 115-122 (1893), (17): 113-136, pl. 123-130 (1894), (18): 137-160, pl. 131-138 (1894), (19): 161-176, pl. 139-146 (1894), (20): 177-192, pl. 147-154 (1895), (21): 193-208, pl. 155-162 (1895), (22): 209-232, pl. 163-170 (1895), (23): 233-248, pl. 171-180 (1895), (24): 249-274, pl. 181-190 ([1896])
Rothschild, 1915
On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier and Vulcan Islands Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 192-208, (3): 387-402
Rothschild, 1915
On Lepidoptera from the islands of Ceram (Seran), Buru, Bali, and Misol Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 105-144, (2): 209-227
Röber, 1887
Neue Schmetterlinge aus Indien Corr.-Bl. Ent. Ver. Iris 1 (4) : 185-202, pl. 7-9
Samson, 1980
The Butterflies of Santa Ana Island, with Descriptions of New Taxa from San Cristobal Island, Solomon Islands Tyô to Ga 30 (3,4) : 211-236
Seitz in Seitz, 1907
Die Großschmetterlinge des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. 1. Die Palaearktischen Tagfalter Gross-Schmett. Erde 1 : 1-379, pl. 1-89
Fruhstorfer in Seitz, 1911; Fruhtorfer in Seitz, 1911
Die Großschmetterlinge des Indo-australischen Faunengebietes Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 1-766, : 767-1197
Semper, 1886
Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen Reisen Philipp. (1): 1-46, pl. 1-8, A (1886), (2): 47-86, pl. 9-16 (1887), (3): 87-134, pl. 17-24 (1888), (4): 135-174, pl. 25-32 (1889), (5): 175-238, pl. 33-38, B (1890), (6): 239-270, pl. 39-46 (1891), (7): 271-380, pl. 47-49 [iv] (1892), : 381-728
[EBW]; Smart, 1976
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World: -
Staudinger, 1889
Lepidoptera der Insel Palawan Dt. ent. Z. Iris 2 (1) : 3-180, pl. 1-2
Swinhoe, 1890
New Species of Indian Butterflies Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 5 (29) : 353-365
Swinhoe, 1893
New species of Oriental Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 12 (70) : 254-265
Swinhoe, 1915
New Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16 (93) : 170-186
Tytler, 1939
Notes on some new and interesting butterflies chiefly from Burma 1 & 2 J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 41 (2): 235-252, 42 (1): 109-123
Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island faunda Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 3-268, pl. 1-16
Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881
List of Diurnal Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 49 Pt.II (4) : 223-243, pl. 13
[BIR]; Wynter-Blyth, 1957
Butterflies of the Indian Region (1982 Reprint)

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