# optparse Command Line Option Parsing

optparse is a command line option parser inspired by Python's "optparse" library. Use this with Rscript to write "#!"-shebang scripts that accept short and long flags/options, generate a usage statement, and set default values for options that are not specified on the command line.

In our working directory we have two example R scripts, named "example.R" and "display_file.R" illustrating the use of the optparse package.

bash$ ls

    display_file.R
    example.R

In order for a *nix system to recognize a "#!"-shebang line you need to mark the file executable with the `chmod` command, it also helps to add the directory containing your Rscripts to your path:

bash$ chmod ug+x display_file.R example.R

bash$ export PATH=$PATH:`pwd`

Here is what `example.R` contains:

bash$ display_file.R example.R

    #!/usr/bin/env Rscript
    # Copyright 2010-2013 Trevor L Davis <trevor.l.davis@gmail.com>
    # Copyright 2008 Allen Day
    #
    #  This file is free software: you may copy, redistribute and/or modify it
    #  under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
    #  Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your
    #  option) any later version.
    #
    #  This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
    #  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    #  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
    #  General Public License for more details.
    #
    #  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    #  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("optparse"))
    suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("stats"))

    # specify our desired options in a list
    # by default OptionParser will add an help option equivalent to
    # make_option(c("-h", "--help"), action="store_true", default=FALSE,
    #               help="Show this help message and exit")
    option_list <- list(
        make_option(c("-v", "--verbose"), action="store_true", default=TRUE,
            help="Print extra output [default]"),
        make_option(c("-q", "--quietly"), action="store_false",
            dest="verbose", help="Print little output"),
        make_option(c("-c", "--count"), type="integer", default=5,
            help="Number of random normals to generate [default %default]",
            metavar="number"),
        make_option("--generator", default="rnorm",
            help = "Function to generate random deviates [default \"%default\"]"),
        make_option("--mean", default=0,
            help="Mean if generator == \"rnorm\" [default %default]"),
        make_option("--sd", default=1, metavar="standard deviation",
            help="Standard deviation if generator == \"rnorm\" [default %default]")
        )

    # get command line options, if help option encountered print help and exit,
    # otherwise if options not found on command line then set defaults,
    opt <- parse_args(OptionParser(option_list=option_list))

    # print some progress messages to stderr if "quietly" wasn't requested
    if ( opt$verbose ) {
        write("writing some verbose output to standard error...\n", stderr())
    }

    # do some operations based on user input
    if( opt$generator == "rnorm") {
        cat(paste(rnorm(opt$count, mean=opt$mean, sd=opt$sd), collapse="\n"))
    } else {
        cat(paste(do.call(opt$generator, list(opt$count)), collapse="\n"))
    }
    cat("\n")

By default optparse will generate a help message if it encounters `--help` or `-h` on the command line. Note how `%default` in the example program was replaced by the actual default values in the help statement that optparse generated.

bash$ example.R --help

    Usage: example.R [options]

    Options:
        -v, --verbose
            Print extra output [default]

        -q, --quietly
            Print little output

        -c NUMBER, --count=NUMBER
            Number of random normals to generate [default 5]

        --generator=GENERATOR
            Function to generate random deviates [default "rnorm"]

        --mean=MEAN
            Mean if generator == "rnorm" [default 0]

        --sd=STANDARD DEVIATION
            Standard deviation if generator == "rnorm" [default 1]

        -h, --help
            Show this help message and exit

If you specify default values when creating your `OptionParser` then optparse will use them as expected.

bash$ example.R

    writing some verbose output to standard error...

    -0.727740258179162
    0.431494768185925
    -0.3688486258386
    0.0736990615397108
    -2.14054759019117

Or you can specify your own values.

bash$ example.R --mean=10 --sd=10 --count=3

    writing some verbose output to standard error...

    6.94873177909106
    17.5591469906794
    8.74345605695236

If you remember from the example program that `--quiet` had `action="store_false"` and `dest="verbose"`. This means that `--quiet` is a switch that turns the `verbose` option from its default value of `TRUE` to `FALSE`. Note how the `verbose` and `quiet` options store their value in the exact same variable.

bash$ example.R --quiet -c 4 --generator="runif"

    0.28621702035889
    0.774016722803935
    0.498841705499217
    0.623096770606935

If you specify an illegal flag then optparse will throw an error.

bash$ example.R --silent -m 5

    Usage: example.R [options]

    example.R: error: Error in getopt(spec = spec, opt = args) : long flag "silent" is invalid

If you specify the same option multiple times then optparse will use the value of the last option specified.

bash$ example.R -c 100 -c 2 -c 1000 -c 7

    writing some verbose output to standard error...

    0.673128415375664
    0.844846295958181
    0.421015614338162
    0.325622110856762
    -0.320247756613444
    0.150424705489453
    0.303206544736218

optparse can also recognize positional arguments if `parse_args` is given the option `positional_arguments = c(min_pa, max_pa)` where `min_pa` is the minimum and `max_pa` is the maximum number of supported positional arguments. (A single numeric corresponds to `min_pa == max_pa`, `TRUE` is equivalent to `c(0, Inf)`, and `FALSE`, the default, is equivalent to `0`.) Below we give an example program display_file.R, which is a program that prints out the contents of a single file (the required positional argument, not an optional argument) and which accepts the normal help option as well as an option to add line numbers to the output. Note that the positional arguments need to be placed after the optional arguments.

bash$ display_file.R --help

    Usage: display_file.R [options] file

    Options:
        -n, --add_numbers
            Print line number at the beginning of each line [default]

        -h, --help
            Show this help message and exit

bash$ display_file.R --add_numbers display_file.R

    1 #!/usr/bin/env Rscript
    2 # Copyright 2010-2013 Trevor L Davis <trevor.l.davis@gmail.com>
    3 # Copyright 2013 Kirill Müller
    4 #
    5 #  This file is free software: you may copy, redistribute and/or modify it
    6 #  under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
    7 #  Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your
    8 #  option) any later version.
    9 #
    10 #  This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
    11 #  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    12 #  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
    13 #  General Public License for more details.
    14 #
    15 #  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    16 #  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    17 suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("optparse"))
    18
    19 option_list <- list(
    20     make_option(c("-n", "--add_numbers"), action="store_true", default=FALSE,
    21         help="Print line number at the beginning of each line [default]")
    22     )
    23 parser <- OptionParser(usage = "%prog [options] file", option_list=option_list)
    24
    25 arguments <- parse_args(parser, positional_arguments = 1)
    26 opt <- arguments$options
    27 file <- arguments$args
    28
    29 if( file.access(file) == -1) {
    30     stop(sprintf("Specified file ( %s ) does not exist", file))
    31 } else {
    32     file_text <- readLines(file)
    33 }
    34
    35 if(opt$add_numbers) {
    36     cat(paste(1:length(file_text), file_text), sep = "\n")
    37 } else {
    38     cat(file_text, sep = "\n")
    39 }

bash$ display_file.R non_existent_file.txt

    Error: Specified file ( non_existent_file.txt ) does not exist
    Execution halted

bash$ display_file.R

    Usage: display_file.R [options] file

    display_file.R: error: required at least 1 positional arguments, got 0